Mesoporous Carbons from Polysaccharides and Their Use in Li-O2 Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Equipment Used
2.2. Determination of Real Amylose Content in Commercially Available Starches
2.3. Preparation of Mesoporous Carbons from a Modified Starbon® Based Process
2.3.1. Modified Starbon® Based Process
2.3.2. Modified Starbon® Based Process with a Previous Treatment of the Starches with the IL
2.4. Preparation of Mesoporous Carbons with the “Low-Cost” Process
2.5. IL Recyclability
2.6. Preparation of N-Doped Mesoporous Carbon from Chitosan
2.7. Cell Assembly and Electrochemical Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Determination of Real Amylose Content in Commercially Available Starches
3.2. Preparation of Mesoporous Carbons from a Modified Starbon® Based Process
3.2.1. Modified Starbon® Based Process with a Previous Treatment of the Starches with the IL
Influence of Starch Mixture Concentration in Carbon Mesoporosity
3.2.2. Modified Starbon® Based Process
3.3. Preparation of Mesoporous Carbons with a “Low-Cost” Process
3.4. Recyclability of the IL
3.5. Preparation of Mesoporous Carbon to be Used in Li-O2 Battery Cells Studies
3.6. Application of Mesoporous Carbon as Cathodic Material in Li-O2 Battery Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Starch | wt % Real Amylose |
---|---|
Maize | 34% |
Hylon V | 47% |
Hylon VII | 70% |
Precursor | Weight Ratio | wt% Amylose | S.A.BET (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | % Mesoporosity | BJH Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize | 1 | 34% | 415 | 0.27 | 52% | 11 |
HV | 1 | 47% | 458 | 0.54 | 70% | 17 |
HVII | 1 | 70% | 547 | 0.80 | 77% | 20 |
36% MHVII | 1:0.07 | 36% | 424 | 0.29 | 53% | 11 |
44% MHVII | 1:0.39 | 44% | 370 | 0.34 | 98% | 16 |
52% MHVII | 1:1 | 52% | 484 | 0.50 | 74% | 25 |
60% MHVII | 1:2.55 | 60% | 536 | 0.87 | 80% | 22 |
36% MHV | 1:0.15 | 36% | 470 | 0.39 | 61% | 15 |
41% MHV | 1:1.30 | 41% | 475 | 0.55 | 75% | 23 |
57% HVHVII | 1:0.77 | 57% | 458 | 0.46 | 72% | 15 |
Precursor | wt% Starch Mixture in IL | S.A.BET (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | % Mesoporosity | BJH Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
60% MHVII 5 | 5 | 449 | 0.52 | 69 | 17 |
60% MHVII 10 | 10 | 448 | 0.42 | 60 | 16 |
60% MHVII 15 | 15 | 459 | 0.57 | 70 | 21 |
60% MHVII 20 | 20 | 536 | 0.87 | 80 | 22 |
60% MHVII 25 | 25 | 475 | 0.78 | 79 | 24 |
Precursor | Weight Ratio | wt% Amylose | S.A.BET (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | % Mesoporosity | BJH Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60%MHVII no IL | 1:2.55 | 60% | 398 | 0.25 | 31 | 10 |
70%HVII no IL | 1 | 70% | 395 | 0.21 | 13 | 6 |
Precursor | wt% Starch Mixture in IL | S.A.BET (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | % Mesoporosity | BJH Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
60% MHVII-LC 5 | 5 | 359 | 0.51 | 77 | 14 |
60% MHVII-LC 10 | 10 | 410 | 0.37 | 51 | 17 |
60% MHVII-LC 15 | 15 | 441 | 0.56 | 70 | 19 |
60% MHVII-LC 20 | 20 | 335 | 0.33 | 59 | 14 |
60% MHVII-LC 25 | 25 | 412 | 0.38 | 55 | 13 |
Precursor | S.A.BET (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | % Mesoporosity | BJH Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
60% MHVII | 536 | 0.87 | 80 | 22 |
60% MHVII-IL recycled x1 | 490 | 0.59 | 67 | 23 |
60% MHVII-IL recycled x2 | 486 | 0.49 | 63 | 14 |
60% MHVII-IL recycled x3 | 417 | 0.52 | 70 | 23 |
60% MHVII-IL recycled + MS | 469 | 0.82 | 81 | 23 |
Precursor | S.A.BET (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | % Mesoporosity | BJH Pore Diameter (nm) | wt% N | ID/IG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan 1000 | 217 | 0.45 | 96 | 14 | 5.50 | 1.00 |
60% MHVII 1000 | 554 | 0.71 | 71 | 21 | - | 1.02 |
52% MHVII 1000 | 541 | 0.64 | 69 | 17 | - | 1.00 |
36% MHVII 1000 | 529 | 0.54 | 61 | 17 | - | 1.03 |
Timcal (ref.) | 67 | 0.19 | 100 | 14 | - | 1.01 |
Precursor | Specific Discharge Capacity (mAh/g of C) | Total Cycles | Active Material (mg) |
---|---|---|---|
Timcal (ref.) | 1997 | 14 | 3.14 |
Chitosan 1000 | 4057 | 69 | 3.36 |
60% MHVII 1000 | 3978 | 60 | 3.80 |
52% MHVII 1000 | 3157 | - | 3.82 |
36% MHVII 1000 | 2570 | - | 4.12 |
Precursor | Method | S.A.BET (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | % Mesoporosity | BJH Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
60% MHVII | IL + Starbon® | 536 | 0.87 | 80 | 22 |
IL | 335 | 0.33 | 59 | 14 | |
Starbon® | 398 | 0.25 | 31 | 10 | |
70% HVII | IL + Starbon® | 547 | 0.80 | 77 | 20 |
IL | 511 | 0.44 | 59 | 16 | |
Starbon® | 395 | 0.21 | 13 | 6 |
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Uriburu-Gray, M.; Pinar-Serrano, A.; Cavus, G.; Knipping, E.; Aucher, C.; Conesa-Cabeza, A.; Satti, A.; Amantia, D.; Martínez-Crespiera, S. Mesoporous Carbons from Polysaccharides and Their Use in Li-O2 Batteries. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102036
Uriburu-Gray M, Pinar-Serrano A, Cavus G, Knipping E, Aucher C, Conesa-Cabeza A, Satti A, Amantia D, Martínez-Crespiera S. Mesoporous Carbons from Polysaccharides and Their Use in Li-O2 Batteries. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(10):2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102036
Chicago/Turabian StyleUriburu-Gray, María, Aránzazu Pinar-Serrano, Gokhan Cavus, Etienne Knipping, Christophe Aucher, Aleix Conesa-Cabeza, Amro Satti, David Amantia, and Sandra Martínez-Crespiera. 2020. "Mesoporous Carbons from Polysaccharides and Their Use in Li-O2 Batteries" Nanomaterials 10, no. 10: 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102036