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Article

Morphometric, Biomechanical and Macromolecular Performances of β-TCP Macro/Micro-Porous Lattice Scaffolds Fabricated via Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing for Jawbone Engineering

1
Department of Dental Sciences, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
3
Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
4
I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
5
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
6
Department of Life and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
7
Department Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070237 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 May 2025 / Revised: 23 June 2025 / Accepted: 27 June 2025 / Published: 28 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)

Abstract

Effective bone tissue regeneration remains pivotal in implant dentistry, particularly for edentulous patients with compromised alveolar bone due to atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Biomaterials are essential for promoting regenerative processes by supporting cellular recruitment, vascularization, and osteogenesis. This study presents the development and characterization of a novel lithography-printed ceramic β-TCP scaffold, with a macro/micro-porous lattice, engineered to optimize osteoconduction and mechanical stability. Morphological, structural, and biomechanical assessments confirmed a reproducible microarchitecture with suitable porosity and load-bearing capacity. The scaffold was also employed for maxillary sinus augmentation, with postoperative evaluation using micro computed tomography, synchrotron imaging, histology, and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging analysis, demonstrating active bone regeneration, scaffold resorption, and formation of mineralized tissue. Advanced imaging supported by deep learning tools revealed a well-organized osteocyte network and high-quality bone, underscoring the scaffold’s biocompatibility and osteoconductive efficacy. These findings support the application of these 3D-printed β-TCP scaffolds in regenerative dental medicine, facilitating tissue regeneration in complex jawbone deficiencies.
Keywords: β-TCP; lithography-based ceramic 3D printing; Bone regeneration; scaffold; jawbone engineering; maxillary sinus augmentation; microarchitecture; osteocyte lacunae network β-TCP; lithography-based ceramic 3D printing; Bone regeneration; scaffold; jawbone engineering; maxillary sinus augmentation; microarchitecture; osteocyte lacunae network

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mangano, C.; Riberti, N.; Orilisi, G.; Tecco, S.; Furlani, M.; Giommi, C.; Mengucci, P.; Giorgini, E.; Giuliani, A. Morphometric, Biomechanical and Macromolecular Performances of β-TCP Macro/Micro-Porous Lattice Scaffolds Fabricated via Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing for Jawbone Engineering. J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070237

AMA Style

Mangano C, Riberti N, Orilisi G, Tecco S, Furlani M, Giommi C, Mengucci P, Giorgini E, Giuliani A. Morphometric, Biomechanical and Macromolecular Performances of β-TCP Macro/Micro-Porous Lattice Scaffolds Fabricated via Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing for Jawbone Engineering. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2025; 16(7):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070237

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mangano, Carlo, Nicole Riberti, Giulia Orilisi, Simona Tecco, Michele Furlani, Christian Giommi, Paolo Mengucci, Elisabetta Giorgini, and Alessandra Giuliani. 2025. "Morphometric, Biomechanical and Macromolecular Performances of β-TCP Macro/Micro-Porous Lattice Scaffolds Fabricated via Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing for Jawbone Engineering" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 16, no. 7: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070237

APA Style

Mangano, C., Riberti, N., Orilisi, G., Tecco, S., Furlani, M., Giommi, C., Mengucci, P., Giorgini, E., & Giuliani, A. (2025). Morphometric, Biomechanical and Macromolecular Performances of β-TCP Macro/Micro-Porous Lattice Scaffolds Fabricated via Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing for Jawbone Engineering. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 16(7), 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070237

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