Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste

Hirota, Masatsugu; Mochizuki, Chihiro; Sakurai, Toshitsugu; Mishima, Hiroyuki; Ohkubo, Chikahiro; Yamamoto, Takatsugu

doi:10.3390/jfb16060201

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Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste

by

Masatsugu Hirota

^1,*

,

Chihiro Mochizuki

^2,3,

Toshitsugu Sakurai

^1,4,

Hiroyuki Mishima

^2,5,

Chikahiro Ohkubo

⁴ and

Takatsugu Yamamoto

^1,6

¹

Department of Education for Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Kanagawa, Japan

²

Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Kanagawa, Japan

³

BIOAPATITE Inc., 1-5-3, Shiromachi, Hikone 522-0068, Shiga, Japan

⁴

Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Prosthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Kanagawa, Japan

⁵

Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan

⁶

Department of Operative Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Kanagawa, Japan

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060201

Submission received: 24 April 2025 / Revised: 22 May 2025 / Accepted: 26 May 2025 / Published: 1 June 2025

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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Abstract

Apatite pastes derived from eggshell waste (BAp) were implanted onto the calvarial bone of rats, and bone formation was evaluated using X-ray μ-computed tomography (CT) and histological evaluation. BAp was mixed with distilled water to prepare a paste. Monoclinic hydroxyapatite of mineral resources (HAp) was used as a control. A 5 mm diameter PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) tube was filled with apatite pastes and implanted in the calvarial bone of 9-week-old Sprague Dawley rats for 8 weeks. A larger radiopaque area, similar to that of native bone, was observed in the BAp paste-implanted specimens than that of HAp paste. The bone mineral density (BMD) value of the BAp paste was significantly higher than that of the HAp paste (p < 0.05). In the histological evaluation, new bone formation was noticed from the calvarial side for both apatite specimens, and HAp remained in the PTFE unlike BAp. The bone mass (BM) value of the BAp paste was significantly higher than that of the HAp paste (p < 0.05). SEM and XRD analyses revealed that BAp was microcrystalline and poorly crystalline. The promotion of new bone formation may contribute to the crystallinity and Mg content of BAp. BAp was found to be useful as a bone regeneration material.

Keywords: apatite; eggshell; bone formation; magnesium; μ-computed tomography (CT)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hirota, M.; Mochizuki, C.; Sakurai, T.; Mishima, H.; Ohkubo, C.; Yamamoto, T. Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste. J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060201

AMA Style

Hirota M, Mochizuki C, Sakurai T, Mishima H, Ohkubo C, Yamamoto T. Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2025; 16(6):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060201

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hirota, Masatsugu, Chihiro Mochizuki, Toshitsugu Sakurai, Hiroyuki Mishima, Chikahiro Ohkubo, and Takatsugu Yamamoto. 2025. "Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 16, no. 6: 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060201

APA Style

Hirota, M., Mochizuki, C., Sakurai, T., Mishima, H., Ohkubo, C., & Yamamoto, T. (2025). Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 16(6), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060201

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Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste

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