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15 December 2025

An Industrial Framework for Cold-Start Recommendation in Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Scenarios

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School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Machine Learning in the Big Data Era: Advanced Algorithms and Real-World Applications

Abstract

With the rise of online advertising, e-commerce industries, and new media platforms, recommendation systems have become an essential product form that connects users with a vast number of candidates. A major challenge in recommendation systems is the cold-start problem, where the absence of historical interaction data for new users and items leads to poor recommendation performance. We first analyze the causes of the cold-start problem, highlighting the limitations of existing embedding models when faced with a lack of interaction data. To address this, we classify the features of models into three categories, leveraging the Trans Block mapping to transfer features into the semantic space of missing features. Then, we propose a model-agnostic industrial framework (MAIF) with the Auto-Selection serving mechanism to address the cold-start recommendation problem in few-shot and zero-shot scenarios without requiring training from scratch. This framework can be applied to various online models without altering the prediction for warm entities, effectively avoiding the “seesaw phenomenon” between cold and warm entities. It improves prediction accuracy and calibration performance in three cold-start scenarios of recommendation systems. Finally, both the offline experiments on real-world industrial datasets and the online advertising system on the Dazhong Dianping app validate the effectiveness of our approach, showing significant improvements in recommendation performance for cold-start scenarios.

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