1. Introduction
Plant diseases are the main factor endangering the development of agriculture around the world and cause serious losses every year. The treatment of plant diseases has attracted great attention. This research focused on identifying ginkgo leaf disease through leaf blight.
Ginkgo biloba has a high medicinal value [
1,
2]. Its trees can be made into exquisite furniture, and its leaves have ornamental value. Ginkgo leaf blight has brought great losses to the economy, so this research focused on the need to diagnose ginkgo leaf disease in a timely and accurate manner.
Early detection and identification of plant disease is very important, so that people will be able to take appropriate preventive measures as soon as possible [
3]. The changes caused by plant diseases are very complex and diverse; however, in traditional agricultural and forestry production, most forest producers judge a disease’s species and degree based on their experience in observing plant diseases. This requires forest farmers to have the knowledge and skill to identify disease symptoms. Lack of knowledge will lead to inconsistencies in plant disease identification and incorrect treatment and will ultimately delay the treatment period, which will result in unnecessary economic losses. Even if experts are invited to identify a disease, it will take some time. Therefore, it is necessary to implement an automatic system of plant disease recognition and classification.
In the study of automatic classification of plant diseases, some new techniques have been applied [
4].
With the development of computational systems in recent years, more and more computer vision technologies have been applied to the recognition of plant diseases. Rumpf et al. [
5] used support vector machines for the early detection and identification of healthy and diseased sugar beet leaves. Even using multiple classifications for healthy leaves and diseased leaves showing symptoms of three diseases, the authors achieved an accuracy higher than 86%. Depending on the type and stage of disease, the classification accuracy fell between 65% and 90%. Similarly, the accuracy of pattern recognition in wheat leaf diseases was classified using a support vector machine and was finished by Tian et al. [
6]. The classification module was programmed with three feature sets: color features, shape features, and texture features. The method was flexible, and its recognition rate was high.
Computer vision technology is also widely used in plant species and disease classification and recognition [
7]. Some researchers have studied a paper on plant identification using computer vision technology and made a detailed review [
8]. One application in the field of computer vision technology is Leafsnap, which identifies tree species using photographs of leaves. Kumar et al. used Leafsnap to identify 184 tree species in the Northeastern United States by extracting features from leaf contours [
9]. Their system obtained state-of-the-art performance with the real-world images from the new Leafsnap data set, which is the largest of its kind.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are also a common detection method [
10,
11,
12]. Based on the achievements of modern neuroscience research, an ANN has been proposed [
13]. It can make simple judgments by simulating the human brain, so it has been widely used in plant disease detection and recognition. Hati et al. [
14] programmed it with 400 leaves from 20 plants and tested 134 leaves, achieving an accuracy of 92%.
Today, deep learning has become the most important detection method. Deep learning is a kind of machine learning that is based on the deep neural network with multiple hidden layers. It improves classification accuracy by building machine learning models with many hidden layers and programming a large quantity of data to extract features. Its basic tool is a convolutional neural network (CNN) [
15]. In 2012, Hinton et al. took their CNN to the ImageNet Image Recognition Competition for the first time and won the championship [
16], after which it attracted the attention of many researchers. Deep learning has also been introduced to plant species identification. For example, the deep CNN was used to classify white beans, red beans, and soybeans, for which a depth of five layers was determined to be the best [
17]. Lee et al. [
18] classified 44 species of plants, and their CNN’s highest accuracy was 99.6%. A CNN was also applied to plant specimens, and transfer learning was used by Carranza-Rojas et al. [
19].
CNNs have been widely used in plant disease identification. For example, P. Ferentinos [
20] programmed 25 plants and 58 distinct classes of [plant, disease] combinations and achieved a 99.53% success rate. Sladojevic et al. [
21] pointed out that the model was able to recognize 13 different types of plant diseases from healthy leaves, with the ability to distinguish plant leaves from their surroundings. Mohanty et al. [
22] programmed a deep CNN to identify 14 crops and 26 diseases with 99.35% accuracy. Brahimi et al. [
23] programmed nine diseases of tomato leaves and achieved 99.18% accuracy.
However, most researchers have studied plant diseases in two directions, as follows:
Classification of diseases in different species of plants [
20,
21,
22].
Classification of different diseases in the same plant [
23,
24].
Few studied the classification of disease degree within the same plant disease, and of those people, only some applied deep learning to the identification of diseased ginkgo leaves. However, it is important to take appropriate preventive measures by predicting the development of plant leaf disease. This research has classified the different degrees of ginkgo leaf disease. A CNN was chosen to classify and recognize the disease degree of ginkgo leaf blight.
The goal of this study was as follows:
To classify the different degrees of disease in Ginkgo biloba leaves using a deep learning model under laboratory and field conditions that takes into account sunshine, temperature, weather, and other factors.
The rest of the paper is divided into the following parts:
Section 2 introduces the methods used,
Section 3 discusses the results, and
Section 4 presents our conclusions.