Deep-Water Dynamics along the 2012–2020 Observations on the Continental Margin of the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Setting, Instruments, Data, and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Thermohaline Records
3.2. Hydrodynamic Records
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of DW Cascading Events
4.2. Linkage between Cascading Events and Preconditioning Factors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bertotti, G.; Casolari, E.; Picotti, V. The Gargano Promontory: A Neogene contractional belt within the Adriatic plate. Terra Nova 1999, 11, 168–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ridente, D.; Trincardi, F. Eustatic and tectonic control on deposition and lateral variability of Quaternary regressive sequences in the Adriatic basin (Italy). Mar. Geol. 2002, 184, 273–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonaldo, D.; Benetazzo, A.; Bergamasco, A.; Campiani, E.; Foglini, F.; Sclavo, M.; Trincardi, F.; Carniel, S. Interactions among Adriatic continental margin morphology, deep circulation and bedform patterns. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 82–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minisini, D.; Trincardi, F.; Asioli, A. Evidence of slope instability in the Southwestern Adriatic Margin. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2006, 6, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martorelli, E.; Falcini, F.; Salusti, E.; Chiocci, F. Analysis and modeling of contourite drifts and contour currents off promontories in the Italian Seas (Mediterranean Sea). Mar. Geol. 2010, 278, 19–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verdicchio, G.; Trincardi, F. Short-distance variability in slope bed-forms along the Southwestern Adriatic Margin (Central Mediterranean). Mar. Geol. 2006, 234, 271–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trincardi, F.; Verdicchio, G.; Miserocchi, S. Seafloor evidence for the interaction between cascading and along-slope bottom water masses. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112, F03011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Verdicchio, G.; Trincardi, F.; Asioli, A. Mediterranean bottom-current deposits: An example from the Southwestern Adriatic Margin. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 2007, 276, 199–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turchetto, M.; Boldrin, A.; Langone, L.; Miserocchi, S.; Tesi, T.; Foglini, F. Particle transport in the Bari Canyon (southern Adriatic Sea). Mar. Geol. 2007, 246, 231–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubino, A.; Romanenkov, D.; Zanchettin, D.; Cardin, V.; Hainbucher, D.; Bensi, M.; Boldrin, A.; Langone, L.; Miserocchi, S.; Turchetto, M. On the descent of dense water on a complex canyon system in the southern Adriatic basin. Cont. Shelf Res. 2012, 44, 20–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinardi, N.; Estournel, C.; Cessi, P.; Escudier, R.; Lyubartsev, V. Dense and deep water formation processes and Mediterranean overturning circulation. In Oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea, An Introductory Guide; Schroeder, K., Chiggiato, J., Eds.; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2022; pp. 209–252. ISBN 978-0-12-823692-5. [Google Scholar]
- Ivanov, V.V.; Shapiro, G.I.; Huthnance, J.M.; Aleynik, D.L.; Golovin, P.N. Cascades of dense water around the world ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 2004, 60, 47–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hendershott, M.C.; Rizzoli, P. The winter circulation of the Adriatic Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 1976, 23, 353–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franco, P.; Jeftic, L.; Rizzoli, P.M.; Miehelato, A.; Orlic, M. Descriptive model of the Northern Adriatie. Oceanol. Acta 1982, 5, 379–389. [Google Scholar]
- Foglini, F.; Campiani, E.; Trincardi, F. The reshaping of the South West Adriatic margin by cascading of dense shelf waters. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 64–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tesi, T.; Langone, L.; Goñi, M.A.; Turchetto, M.; Miserocchi, S.; Boldrin, A. Source and composition of organic matter in the Bari canyon (Italy): Dense water cascading vs particulate export from the upper ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2008, 155, 813–831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langone, L.; Conese, I.; Miserocchi, S.; Boldrin, A.; Bonaldo, D.; Carniel, S.; Chiggiato, J.; Turchetto, M.; Borghini, M.; Tesi, T. Dynamics of particles along the western margin of the Southern Adriatic: Processes involved in transferring particulate matter to the deep basin. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 28–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilibic, I. An analysis of dense water production on the North Adriatic shelf, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2003, 56, 697–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilibic, I.; Grbec, B.; Supic, N. Dense water generation in the north Adriatic in 1999 and its recirculation along the Jabuka Pit. Deep. Sea Res. Part I 2004, 51, 1457–1474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bignami, F.; Salusti, E.; Schiarini, S. Observations on a bottom vein of dense water in the Southern Adriatic and Ionian Seas. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 7249–7259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benetazzo, A.; Bergamasco, A.; Bonaldo, D.; Falcieri, F.M.; Sclavo, M.; Langone, L.; Carniel, S. Response of the Adriatic Sea to an intense cold air outbreak: Dense water dynamics and wave-induced transport. Prog. Oceanogr. 2014, 128, 115–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zore-Armanda, M. Les masses d’eau de la mer Adriatique. Acta Adriat. 1963, 10, 5–88. [Google Scholar]
- Artegiani, A.; Bregant, D.; Paschini, E.; Pinardi, N.; Raicich, F.; Russo, A. The Adriatic Sea General Circulation. Part I: Air-sea interactions and water mass structure. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1997, 27, 1492–1514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orlic, M.; Gacic, M.; La Violette, P.E. The currents and circulation of the Adriatic Sea. Oceanol. Acta 1992, 15, 109–124. [Google Scholar]
- Vilibić, I.; Pranić, P. Denamiel, North Adriatic Dense Water: Lessons learned since thepioneering work of Mira Zore-Armanda 60 years ago. Acta Adriat. 2023, 64, 53–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manca, B.B.; Ibello, V.; Pacciaroni, M.; Scarazzato, P.; Giorgetti, A. Ventilation of deep waters in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas following changes in thermohaline circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean. Clim. Res. 2006, 31, 239–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rovere, M.; Pellegrini, C.; Chiggiato, J.; Campiani, E.; Trincardi, F. Impact of dense bottom water on a continental shelf: An example from the SW Adriatic margin. Mar. Geol. 2019, 408, 123–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pirro, A.; Mauri, E.; Gerin, R.; Martellucci, R.; Zuppelli, P.; Poulain, P.M. New Insights on the Formation and Breaking Mechanism of Convective Cyclonic Cones in the South Adriatic Pit during Winter 2018. In Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 April 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cardin, V.; Wirth, A.; Khosravi, M.; Gacic, M. South Adriatic Recipes: Estimating the Vertical Mixing in the Deep Pit. Front. Mar. Sci. 2020, 7, 565982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bensi, M. Thermohaline Variability and Mesoscale Dynamics Observed at the E2M3A Deep-Site in the South Adriatic Sea. Ph.D. Thesis, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, 2012. Available online: https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/7387 (accessed on 29 June 2023).
- Bensi, M.; Cardin, V.; Rubino, A. Thermohaline Variability and Mesoscale Dynamics Observed at the Deep-Ocean Observatory E2M3A in the Southern Adriatic Sea, in the Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and Spatial Patterns, Geophysical Monograph Series; Borzelli, G.L.E., Gačić, M., Lionello, P., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Oxford, UK, 2014; pp. 139–155. [Google Scholar]
- Cardin, V.; Bensi, M. E2m3a-2006-2010-Time-Series-Southadriatic; OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale), Division of Oceanography: Trieste, Italy, 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cardin, V.; Bensi, M.; Siena, G.; Ursella, L. E2m3a2011-2013-Timeseries-Southadriatic; OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale), Division of Oceanography: Trieste, Italy, 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cardin, V.; Bensi, M.; Ursella, L.; Siena, G. E2m3a2013-2015-Time-Series Southadriatic; OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale), Division of Oceanography: Trieste, Italy, 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cardin, V.; Bensi, M.; Brunetti, F.; Conese, I.; Giani, M.; Langone, L. A Multidisciplinary Observing System to Understand Oceanographic Processes in the Open Adriatic Sea. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit. 2016, 41, 115. [Google Scholar]
- Cardin, V.; Bensi, M.; Ursella, L.; Siena, G. E2m3a2015-2017-Timeseries-Southadriatic; OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale), Division of Oceanography: Trieste, Italy, 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiggiato, J.; Schroeder, K.; Trincardi, F. Cascading dense shelf-water during the extremely cold winter of 2012 in the Adriatic, Mediterranean Sea: Formation, flow, and seafloor impact—Preface. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Santis, A.; Chiappini, M.; Marinaro, G.; Guardato, S.; Conversano, F.; D’Anna, G.; Di Mauro, D.; Cardin, V.; Carluccio, R.; Rende, S.F.; et al. InSEA Project: Initiatives in Supporting the Consolidation and Enhancement of the EMSO Infrastructure and Related Activities. Front. Mar. Sci. 2022, 9, 846701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ravaioli, M.; Bergami, C.; Riminucci, F.; Langone, L.; Cardin, V.; Di Sarra, A.; Aracri, S.; Bastianini, M.; Bensi, M.; Bergamasco, A.; et al. The RITMARE Italian Fixed Point Observatory Network (IFON) for marine environmental monitoring: A case study. J. Oper. Oceanogr. 2016, 9, s202–s214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paladini de Mendoza, F.; Schroeder, K.; Langone, L.; Chiggiato, J.; Borghini, M.; Giordano, P.; Verazzo, G.; Miserocchi, S. Moored current and temperature measurements in the Southern Adriatic Sea at mooring site BB and FF, March 2012–June 2020 [dataset]. Zenodo 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiggiato, J.; Bergamasco, A.; Borghini, M.; Falcieri, F.M.; Falco, P.; Langone, L.; Miserocchi, S.; Russo, A.; Schroeder, K. Dense-water bottom currents in the Southern Adriatic Sea in spring 2012. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 134–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mihanović, H.; Vilibić, I.; Carniel, S.; Tudor, M.; Russo, A.; Bergamasco, A.; Bubić, N.; Ljubešić, Z.; Viličić, D.; Boldrin, A.; et al. Exceptional dense water formation on the Adriatic shelf in the winter of 2012. Ocean Sci. 2013, 9, 561–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marini, M.; Maselli, V.; Campanelli, A.; Foglini, F.; Grilli, F. Role of the Mid-Adriatic deep in dense water interception and modification. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carniel, S.; Bonaldo, D.; Benetazzo, A.; Bergamasco, A.; Boldrin, A.; Falcieri, F.M.; Sclavo, M.; Trincardi, F.; Langone, L. Off-shelf fluxes across the southern Adriatic margin: Factors con trolling dense-water-driven transport phenomena. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 44–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cantoni, C.; Luchetta, A.; Chiggiato, J.; Cozzi, S.; Schroeder, K.; Langone, L. Dense water flow and carbonate system in the southern Adriatic: A focus on the 2012 event. Mar. Geol. 2016, 375, 15–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilibić, I.; Zemunik, P.; Šepić, J.; Dunić, N.; Marzouk, O.; Mihanović, H.; Denamiel, C.; Precali, R.; Djakovac, T. Present climate trends and variability in thermohaline properties of the northern Adriatic shelf. Ocean Sci. 2019, 15, 1351–1362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buljan, M.; Zore-Armanda, M. Hydrographic data on the Adriatic Sea collected in the period from 1952 through 1964. Acta Adriat. 1966, 12, 1–438. [Google Scholar]
- Buljan, M.; Zore-Armanda, M. Hydrographic properties of the Adriatic Sea in the period from 1965 through 1970. Acta Adriat. 1979, 20, 1–368. [Google Scholar]
- Zore-Armanda, M.; Bone, M.; Dadic’, V.; Morovic’, M.; Ratkovic’, D.; Stojanoski, L.; Vukadin, I. Hydrographic properties of the Adriatic Sea in the period from 1971 through 1983. Acta Adriat. 1991, 32, 1–547. [Google Scholar]
- Ivankovic, D.; Dadic, V.; Srdelic, M. Marine Environmental Database of the Adriatic Sea With Application for Managing and Visualisation of Data. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 2000, 41, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mihanović, H.; Vilibić, I.; Šepić, J.; Matić, F.; Ljubešić, Z.; Mauri, E.; Gerin, R.; Notarstefano, G.; Poulain, P.-M. Observation, Preconditioning and Recurrence of Exceptionally High Salinities in the Adriatic Sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 2021, 8, 672210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilibić, I.; Supić, N. Dense water generation on a shelf: The case of the Adriatic Sea. Ocean. Dyn. 2005, 55, 403–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Mendoza, F.P.; Schroeder, K.; Langone, L.; Chiggiato, J.; Borghini, M.; Giordano, P.; Verazzo, G.; Miserocchi, S. Deep-water hydrodynamic observations of two moorings sites on the continental slope of the southern Adriatic Sea (Medi-terranean Sea), Earth Syst. Sci. Data 2022, 14, 5617–5635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDougall, T.J.; Barker, P.M. Getting started with TEOS-10 and the Gibbs Seawater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox. Scor/Iapso WG 2011, 127, 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- Mann, H.B. Non-Parametric Test against Trend. Econometrica 1945, 13, 245–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kendall, M.G. Rank Correlation Methods, 4th ed.; Charles Griffin: London, UK, 1975. [Google Scholar]
- Bonaldo, D.; Orlic, M.; Carniel, S. Framing Continental Shelf Waves in the southern Adriatic Sea, a further flushing factor beyond dense water cascading. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vilibić, I.; Orlić, M. Adriatic water masses, their rates of formation and transport through the Otranto Strait. Deep. Sea Res. Part I 2002, 49, 1321–1340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MedECC. Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin e Current Situation and Risks for the Future. First Mediterranean Assessment Report; Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Marini, K., Eds.; Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu. UNEP/MAP: Marseille, France, 2020; p. 632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lipizer, M.; Partescano, E.; Rabitti, A.; Giorgetti, A.; Crise, A. Qualified temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen climatologies in a changing Adriatic Sea. Ocean Sci. 2014, 10, 771–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Year | Canyon—BB | Open Slope—FF | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southern Events (S) | South-Eastern Events (SE) | S + SE Events | South-Eastern Events | |||||||||||
N° | Days | % | N° | Days | % | N° | Days | % | Total Records | N° | Days | % | Total Records | |
2012 | 1679 | 35 | 13.8 | 298 | 6.2 | 2.4 | 1977 | 41.2 | 16.2 | 12,180 | 713 | 14.9 | 5.1 | 13,903 |
2013 | 776 | 16.2 | 4.4 | 78 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 854 | 17.8 | 4.9 | 17,467 | 39 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 17,454 |
2014 | 6 | 0.1 | <0.1 | 2 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 8 | 0.2 | <0.1 | 17,423 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17,441 |
2015 | 16 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 12 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 28 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 17,356 | 11 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 17,361 |
2016 | 25 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 18 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 43 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 17,322 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17,409 |
2017 | 2013 | 41.9 | 11.7 | 216 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 2229 | 46.4 | 12.9 | 17,253 | 335 | 7 | 1.9 | 17,352 |
2018 | 1558 | 32.5 | 9.1 | 479 | 10 | 2.8 | 2037 | 42.4 | 11.9 | 17,168 | 246 | 5.1 | 1.4 | 17,210 |
2019 | 1173 | 24.4 | 6.7 | 147 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 1320 | 27.5 | 7.5 | 17,491 | 22 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 17,428 |
2020 | 28 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 8457 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 8505 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Paladini de Mendoza, F.; Schroeder, K.; Langone, L.; Chiggiato, J.; Borghini, M.; Giordano, P.; Miserocchi, S. Deep-Water Dynamics along the 2012–2020 Observations on the Continental Margin of the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071364
Paladini de Mendoza F, Schroeder K, Langone L, Chiggiato J, Borghini M, Giordano P, Miserocchi S. Deep-Water Dynamics along the 2012–2020 Observations on the Continental Margin of the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(7):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071364
Chicago/Turabian StylePaladini de Mendoza, Francesco, Katrin Schroeder, Leonardo Langone, Jacopo Chiggiato, Mireno Borghini, Patrizia Giordano, and Stefano Miserocchi. 2023. "Deep-Water Dynamics along the 2012–2020 Observations on the Continental Margin of the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea)" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071364
APA StylePaladini de Mendoza, F., Schroeder, K., Langone, L., Chiggiato, J., Borghini, M., Giordano, P., & Miserocchi, S. (2023). Deep-Water Dynamics along the 2012–2020 Observations on the Continental Margin of the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(7), 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071364