Monitoring Non-Indigenous Species with Passive Sampling Methods in an Oceanic Island
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Prototype Construction
2.3. Anchor and Deployment System
2.4. Retrieval of the Prototype Units and Laboratory Work
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sessile Fauna
3.2. Mobile Fauna
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) sessile fraction | |||||||||
Source | df | Full community | NIS/Native ratio | ||||||
Composition | Cover (%) | S | Cover (%) | ||||||
MS | Pseudo- F | MS | Pseudo- F | MS | Pseudo- F | MS | Pseudo- F | ||
L | 1 | 106330.0 | 65.66 ** | 1010.3 | 38.53 *** | 352.0 | 20.96 ** | 39.9 | 28.54 ** |
P | 2 | 9459.5 | 5.84 ** | 712.4 | 27.17 *** | 419.6 | 24.98 ** | 0.0 | 0.01 |
O | 1 | 19398.0 | 11.98 ** | 1572.9 | 59.98 *** | 571.1 | 34.00 ** | 19.6 | 14.05 ** |
LxP | 1 | 6235.0 | 3.85 ** | 163.0 | 6.217 ** | 60.0 | 3.57 * | 0.1 | 0.08 |
LxO | 1 | 9320.3 | 5.76 ** | 18.7 | 0.71 | 16.2 | 0.97 | 17.2 | 12.28 ** |
PxO | 2 | 1632.7 | 1.01 | 35.3 | 1.35 | 19.4 | 1.15 | 0.2 | 0.17 |
LxPxO | 2 | 1451.6 | 0.90 | 25.5 | 0.97 | 1.7 | 0.10 | 0.1 | 0.09 |
Res | 146 | 1619.4 | 26.2 | 16.8 | 1.4 | ||||
Total | 157 | ||||||||
Source | df | Native species | NIS | ||||||
Cover (%) | S | Cover (%) | S | ||||||
MS | Pseudo- F | MS | Pseudo- F | MS | Pseudo- F | MS | Pseudo- F | ||
L | 1 | 2046.3 | 123.28 *** | 471.1 | 44.32 *** | 180.9 | 46.07 *** | 11.3 | 6.59* |
P | 2 | 304.7 | 18.36 *** | 196.5 | 18.48 *** | 85.5 | 21.78 *** | 37.3 | 21.81 *** |
O | 1 | 427.2 | 25.74 *** | 281.4 | 26.47 *** | 360.7 | 91.85 *** | 44.9 | 26.22 *** |
LxP | 1 | 127.0 | 7.65 *** | 34.1 | 3.21 * | 5.2 | 1.32 | 3.2 | 1.90 |
LxO | 1 | 57.6 | 3.47 | 53.10 | 4.99 * | 142.0 | 36.16 *** | 8.3 | 4.85 * |
PxO | 2 | 12.2 | 0.74 | 15.9 | 1.50 | 7.4 | 1.88 | 0.7 | 0.41 |
LxPxO | 2 | 10.4 | 0.63 | 0.8 | 0.08 | 4.5 | 1.15 | 1.7 | 1.01 |
Res | 146 | 16.6 | 10.6 | 3.9 | 1.7 | ||||
Total | 157 | ||||||||
(B) mobile fraction | |||||||||
Source | df | ||||||||
Composition | Cover (%) | S | |||||||
MS | Pseudo - F | MS | Pseudo - F | MS | Pseudo - F | ||||
L | 1 | 5197.8 | 23.56 *** | 840.5 | 0.04 | 46.2 | 15.87 ** | ||
P | 629.7 | 2.86 ** | 150630.0 | 6.34 * | 2.5 | 0.85 | |||
LxP | 196.0 | 0.89 | 16944.0 | 0.71 | 2.7 | 0.94 | |||
Res | 20 | 220.6 | 23761.0 | 2.9 | |||||
Total | 23 |
(A) | L × P | |||||
Inside | ||||||
Status | Box prototype (Av. Sim = 22.61) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% |
NIS | Parasmittina alba | 13.93 | 6.7 | 0.58 | 29.65 | 29.65 |
U | Spirorbis sp. | 3.24 | 4.23 | 1.42 | 18.71 | 48.36 |
N | Salmacina dysteri | 2.53 | 2.63 | 0.44 | 11.65 | 60 |
NIS | Exaiptasia diaphana | 0.84 | 1.39 | 0.73 | 6.14 | 66.14 |
C | Nolella gigantea | 1.64 | 1.22 | 0.37 | 5.39 | 71.53 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 1.39 | 1.17 | 0.63 | 5.18 | 76.71 |
C | Diplosoma listerianum | 1.43 | 0.72 | 0.36 | 3.17 | 79.88 |
U | Mycale sp.2 | 1.09 | 0.66 | 0.36 | 2.9 | 82.78 |
CD prototype (Av. Sim = 20.62) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
NIS | Parasmittina alba | 7.91 | 6.09 | 0.59 | 29.54 | 29.54 |
U | Spirorbis sp. | 2.8 | 4.38 | 0.93 | 21.23 | 50.78 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 1.86 | 2.65 | 0.67 | 12.85 | 63.62 |
N | Polysiphonia sertularioides | 1.09 | 1.71 | 0.51 | 8.31 | 71.93 |
C | Diplosoma listerianum | 3.29 | 1.52 | 0.3 | 7.38 | 79.31 |
N | Salmacina dysteri | 0.54 | 0.94 | 0.34 | 4.56 | 83.87 |
PVC prototype (Av. Sim = 32.90) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
NIS | Parasmittina alba | 15.79 | 9.71 | 0.63 | 29.52 | 29.52 |
U | Spirorbis sp. | 4.8 | 5.55 | 1.32 | 16.86 | 46.38 |
NIS | Exaiptasia diaphana | 1.28 | 3.05 | 1.06 | 9.28 | 55.66 |
N | Polysiphonia sertularioides | 2.81 | 2.82 | 0.78 | 8.57 | 64.23 |
N | Salmacina dysteri | 1.14 | 1.88 | 0.81 | 5.71 | 69.95 |
NIS | Celleporaria inaudita | 1.53 | 1.72 | 0.69 | 5.24 | 75.19 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 0.97 | 1.51 | 0.88 | 4.59 | 79.78 |
U | Nemoderma | 0.68 | 1.29 | 0.64 | 3.91 | 83.68 |
Outside | ||||||
Box prototype (Av. Sim = 38.34) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 18.01 | 25.09 | 1.87 | 65.44 | 65.44 |
N | Spirobranchus triqueter | 2.79 | 4.09 | 0.8 | 10.68 | 76.12 |
U | Nemoderma | 3.04 | 2.66 | 0.56 | 6.94 | 83.05 |
Outside CD-prototype (Av. Sim = 42.49) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
N | Spirobranchus triqueter | 22.94 | 18.63 | 1.23 | 43.86 | 43.86 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 17.39 | 15.35 | 1.05 | 36.12 | 79.98 |
C | Kirchenpaueria halecioides | 2.68 | 2.67 | 1.08 | 6.28 | 86.26 |
Outside PVC-prototype (Av. Sim = 45.92) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
N | Spirobranchus triqueter | 19.35 | 15.88 | 1.15 | 34.57 | 34.57 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 16.13 | 13.24 | 1.27 | 28.84 | 63.42 |
C | Cribrilaria radiata | 4.78 | 3.46 | 0.89 | 7.54 | 70.96 |
C | Kirchenpaueria halecioides | 2.82 | 1.96 | 1.26 | 4.27 | 75.23 |
NIS | Parasmittina alba | 2.65 | 1.56 | 0.67 | 3.4 | 78.63 |
C | Favosipora purpurea | 1.41 | 1.32 | 1.12 | 2.87 | 81.5 |
(B) | L × O | |||||
Inside | ||||||
Status | Down (Av. Sim = 38.67) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% |
NIS | Parasmittina alba | 22.53 | 20.9 | 1.37 | 54.06 | 54.06 |
U | Spirorbis sp. | 5.45 | 6.15 | 1.49 | 15.91 | 69.97 |
C | Diplosoma listerianum | 5.13 | 3.03 | 0.5 | 7.85 | 77.82 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 1.27 | 1.1 | 0.67 | 2.85 | 80.67 |
Up (Av. Sim = 21.15) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
U | Spirorbis sp. | 1.54 | 4.26 | 0.88 | 20.15 | 20.15 |
N | Polysiphonia sertularioides | 2.46 | 3.28 | 0.64 | 15.49 | 35.64 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 1.67 | 2.71 | 0.71 | 12.8 | 48.45 |
N | Salmacina dysteri | 1.7 | 2.55 | 0.52 | 12.07 | 60.52 |
NIS | Exaiptasia diaphana | 0.91 | 2.47 | 0.7 | 11.67 | 72.19 |
NIS | Parasmittina alba | 1.23 | 1.33 | 0.34 | 6.31 | 78.5 |
U | Nemoderma | 1.78 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 4.14 | 82.64 |
Outside | ||||||
Down (Av. Sim = 42.44) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
N | Spirobranchus triqueter | 26.04 | 22.24 | 1.3 | 52.39 | 52.39 |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 8.61 | 8.19 | 1.29 | 19.3 | 71.69 |
C | Cribrilaria radiata | 3.06 | 1.64 | 0.61 | 3.86 | 75.55 |
C | Kirchenpaueria halecioides | 2.05 | 1.47 | 0.86 | 3.47 | 79.02 |
U | Nemoderma | 1.81 | 1.22 | 0.59 | 2.88 | 81.9 |
Up (Av. Sim = 44.34) | Av. Abund | Av. Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% | |
N | Lithophyllum incrustans | 25.44 | 30 | 1.98 | 67.67 | 67.67 |
N | Spirobranchus triqueter | 9.26 | 7.03 | 0.94 | 15.84 | 83.51 |
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Diem, A.; Ramalhosa, P.; Cacabelos, E.; Ferrario, J.; Castro, N.; Henriques, F.; Monteiro, J.G.; Chainho, P.; Pham, C.K.; Canning-Clode, J.; et al. Monitoring Non-Indigenous Species with Passive Sampling Methods in an Oceanic Island. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020264
Diem A, Ramalhosa P, Cacabelos E, Ferrario J, Castro N, Henriques F, Monteiro JG, Chainho P, Pham CK, Canning-Clode J, et al. Monitoring Non-Indigenous Species with Passive Sampling Methods in an Oceanic Island. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(2):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020264
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiem, Anna, Patrício Ramalhosa, Eva Cacabelos, Jasmine Ferrario, Nuno Castro, Filipe Henriques, João Gama Monteiro, Paula Chainho, Christopher Kim Pham, João Canning-Clode, and et al. 2023. "Monitoring Non-Indigenous Species with Passive Sampling Methods in an Oceanic Island" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020264
APA StyleDiem, A., Ramalhosa, P., Cacabelos, E., Ferrario, J., Castro, N., Henriques, F., Monteiro, J. G., Chainho, P., Pham, C. K., Canning-Clode, J., Paula, J., & Gestoso, I. (2023). Monitoring Non-Indigenous Species with Passive Sampling Methods in an Oceanic Island. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(2), 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020264