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Agriculture
Volume 15
Issue 20
10.3390/agriculture15202127
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Article

Molecular and Agro-Morphological Diversity of Undercharacterized Local Bread Wheat Genetic Resources from Serbia and Bulgaria

by
Sanja Mikić
1,*,
Nikolai Kirilov Christov
2,3,
Stefan Tsonev
2,3,
Elena Georgieva Todorovska
2,3,
Dragana Trkulja
1,
Ankica Kondić-Špika
1 and
Verica Zelić
1
1
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
2
Department of Functional Genetics, Abiotic and Biotic Stress, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
3
Center of Competence Agrifood Systems and Bioeconomy, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2025, 15(20), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202127 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 September 2025 / Revised: 11 October 2025 / Accepted: 11 October 2025 / Published: 13 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity Assessment and Phenotypic Characterization of Crops)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Unlocking the potential for adaptability across different conditions or environments of under-characterized local bread wheat from Serbia and Bulgaria remains critical for resilient breeding. This study aimed to assess the diversity and potential for adaptability of 76 accessions (35 from Serbia and 41 from Bulgaria) by integrating molecular and agro-morphological approaches. Plant height ranged from 101.1 cm in Bulgarian cultivars to 130.1 cm in Serbian landraces, while the flowering time varied from 134.9 days in Bulgarian cultivars to 139.7 days in Serbian landraces. SSR markers detected 446 alleles (mean 9.49 per locus; PIC = 0.646), with Serbian landraces exhibiting the highest allelic richness (7.23 alleles per locus) and 106 private alleles. Bayesian clustering and UPGMA analyses revealed clear genetic differentiation between Serbian and Bulgarian accessions, with Serbian landraces showing higher admixture and substructure. Principal coordinate analysis confirmed these patterns and highlighted the intermediate positions of pre-Green Revolution Serbian cultivars. The local wheat germplasm harbors high genetic diversity and potential for adaptability, particularly for traits critical to environmental resilience. These findings underline the value of local wheat germplasm as a resource for developing sustainable breeding and conservation strategies.
Keywords: common wheat; flowering time; genotyping; landraces; microsatellites (SSR); plant height; phenotyping; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); traditional cultivars common wheat; flowering time; genotyping; landraces; microsatellites (SSR); plant height; phenotyping; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); traditional cultivars

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mikić, S.; Christov, N.K.; Tsonev, S.; Todorovska, E.G.; Trkulja, D.; Kondić-Špika, A.; Zelić, V. Molecular and Agro-Morphological Diversity of Undercharacterized Local Bread Wheat Genetic Resources from Serbia and Bulgaria. Agriculture 2025, 15, 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202127

AMA Style

Mikić S, Christov NK, Tsonev S, Todorovska EG, Trkulja D, Kondić-Špika A, Zelić V. Molecular and Agro-Morphological Diversity of Undercharacterized Local Bread Wheat Genetic Resources from Serbia and Bulgaria. Agriculture. 2025; 15(20):2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202127

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikić, Sanja, Nikolai Kirilov Christov, Stefan Tsonev, Elena Georgieva Todorovska, Dragana Trkulja, Ankica Kondić-Špika, and Verica Zelić. 2025. "Molecular and Agro-Morphological Diversity of Undercharacterized Local Bread Wheat Genetic Resources from Serbia and Bulgaria" Agriculture 15, no. 20: 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202127

APA Style

Mikić, S., Christov, N. K., Tsonev, S., Todorovska, E. G., Trkulja, D., Kondić-Špika, A., & Zelić, V. (2025). Molecular and Agro-Morphological Diversity of Undercharacterized Local Bread Wheat Genetic Resources from Serbia and Bulgaria. Agriculture, 15(20), 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202127

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