Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Application of 1-MCP on the Quality of Gala Schniga® SchniCo Red(s) Apples during Long-Term Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Plan
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ethylene Production
3.2. Flesh Firmness
3.3. Titratable Acidity (TA)
3.4. Soluble Solids Content (SSC)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maturity Indices | Optimal Harvest Date | Delayed Harvest | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Harvista™ | Control | Harvista™ | |
Mean ± SD | ||||
Internal ethylene content (µL/L) | 1.18 ± 0.17 | 0.48 ± 0.19 | 1.23 ± 0.64 | 0.42 ± 0.12 |
Starch index (-) | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 1.0 1 | 9.0 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 1.2 |
Soluble solids content (°Bx) | 11.8 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 11.5 ± 0.4 |
Firmness (N) | 85.1 ± 1.8 | 85.3 ± 1.0 | 70.6 ± 3.7 | 75.9 ± 2.2 |
Titratable acidity (%) | 0.409 ± 0.029 | 0.375 ± 0.032 | 0.333 ± 0.018 | 0.350 ± 0.015 |
Streif Index (IS) (-) | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
L* | 44.3 ± 1.2 | 43.2 ± 0.2 | 45.5 ± 1.3 | 44.8 ± 1.2 |
a* | 23.1 ± 1.1 | 21.5 ± 1.3 | 23.8 ± 1.7 | 25.0 ± 2.0 |
b* | 9.98 ± 1.2 | 10.5 ± 1.1 | 11.4 ± 1.7 | 12.2 ± 1.3 |
Harvest Date | Control | Harvista™ | SmartFresh™ | Harvista™ + SmartFresh™ | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
After 5 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 63.7 ± 2.5 a | 78.4 ± 5.9 b | 78.7 ± 1.4 b | 85.1 ± 1.5 c | <0.0001 |
Harvest II (DH) | 53.2 ± 2.2 a | 53.7 ± 0.3 a | 63.0 ± 4.0 b | 68.8 ± 6.2 b | 0.0002 |
p-value *** | 0.0210 | <0.0001 | 0.0048 | 0.0458 | |
After 7 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 58.5 ± 1.1 a | 69.9 ± 1.0 b | 74.4 ± 4.7 bc | 78.6 ± 5.6 c | 0.0010 |
Harvest II (DH) | 50.8 ± 4.5 a | 59.1 ± 0.8 b | 63.5 ± 4.5 b | 65.1 ± 5.1 b | 0.0008 |
p-value ** | 0.1437 | 0.0002 | 0.1491 | 0.1470 | |
After 9 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 57.1 ± 1.1 a | 71.8 ± 4.0 b | 76.4 ± 2.2 c | 79.6 ± 0.9 c | <0.0001 |
Harvest II (DH) | 49.9 ± 1.2 a | 52.7 ± 0.5 a | 65.7 ± 3.1 b | 67.7 ± 6.1 b | <0.0001 |
p-value ** | 0.0045 | 0.0028 | 0.0052 | 0.0091 |
Harvest Date | Control | Harvista™ | SmartFresh™ | Harvista™ + SmartFresh™ | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
After 5 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 55.8 ± 1.7 a | 76.0 ± 6.0 b | 78.8 ± 1.0 b | 79.3 ± 2.6 c | 0.0340 |
Harvest II (DH) | 46.5 ± 3.1 a | 46.8 ± 3.1 a | 62.6 ± 5.2 b | 66.7 ± 4.6 b | 0.0079 |
p-value *** | 0.0304 | 0.0304 | 0.0304 | 0.0304 | |
After 7 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 52.5 ± 2.3 a | 70.3 ± 5.2 b | 75.9 ± 2.4 b | 81.3 ± 3.2 c | 0.0051 |
Harvest II (DH) | 46.4 ± 4.8 a | 50.1 ± 2.5 b | 67.6 ± 4.0 d | 60.7 ± 7.7 c | 0.0103 |
p-value *** | 0.1124 | 0.0304 | 0.0304 | 0.0304 | |
After 9 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 52.3 ± 1.4 a | 68.6 ± 7.4 b | 73.8 ± 3.2 b | 78.5 ± 3.0 c | 0.0084 |
Harvest II (DH) | 44.5 ± 0.4 a | 48.0 ± 2.5 a | 64.0 ± 2.3 b | 66.5 ± 5.4 b | 0.0053 |
p-value *** | 0.0304 | 0.0304 | 0.0294 | 0.0304 |
Harvest Date | Control | Harvista™ | SmartFresh™ | Harvista™ + SmartFresh™ | p-Value *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
After 5 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 0.320 ± 0.008 a | 0.334 ± 0.012 a | 0.354 ± 0.011 b | 0.358 ± 0.016 b | 0.0025 |
Harvest II (DH) | 0.308 ± 0.015 a | 0.299 ± 0.038 a | 0.307 ± 0.020 a | 0.368 ± 0.011 b | 0.0046 |
p-value ** | 0.2046 | 0.1378 | 0.0059 | 0.3480 | |
After 7 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 0.305 ± 0.010 a | 0.331 ± 0.027 a | 0.322 ± 0.022 a | 0.334 ± 0.018 a | 0.2055 |
Harvest II (DH) | 0.280 ± 0.017 a | 0.272 ± 0.011 a | 0.317 ± 0.017 b | 0.340 ± 0.025 b | 0.0006 |
p-value ** | 0.0493 | 0.0061 | 0.7215 | 0.7255 | |
After 9 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 0.211 ± 0.013 a | 0.250 ± 0.017 b | 0.284 ± 0.011 c | 0.245 ± 0.017 b | 0.0002 |
Harvest II (DH) | 0.239 ± 0.003 a | 0.263 ± 0.034 ab | 0.268 ± 0.012 ab | 0.297 ± 0.022 b | 0.0178 |
p-value ** | 0.0057 | 0.5402 | 0.1134 | 0.0085 |
Harvest Date | Control | Harvista™ | SmartFresh™ | Harvista™ + SmartFresh™ | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
After 5 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 0.269 ± 0.022 a | 0.320 ± 0.010 b | 0.315 ± 0.019 b | 0.329 ± 0.019 b | 0.0388 |
Harvest II (DH) | 0.262 ± 0.006 b | 0.247 ± 0.009 a | 0.288 ± 0.003 c | 0.344 ± 0.009 d | 0.0029 |
p-value *** | 0.4705 | 0.0294 | 0.1080 | 0.2454 | |
After 7 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 0.275 ± 0.019 a | 0.303 ± 0.021 b | 0.274 ± 0.016 a | 0.333 ± 0.037 b | 0.0489 |
Harvest II (DH) | 0.251 ± 0.017 a | 0.249 ± 0.011 a | 0.259 ± 0.020 a | 0.322 ± 0.016 b | 0.0358 |
p-value *** | 0.1939 | 0.0294 | 0.3094 | 0.6631 | |
After 9 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 0.206 ± 0.012 a | 0.226 ± 0.008 b | 0.267 ± 0.024 c | 0.236 ± 0.018 b | 0.0135 |
Harvest II (DH) | 0.193 ± 0.019 a | 0.264 ± 0.019 b | 0.262 ± 0.011 b | 0.283 ± 0.013 b | 0.0124 |
p-value *** | 0.3123 | 0.0304 | 1.0000 | 0.0304 |
Harvest Date | Control | Harvista™ | SmartFresh™ | Harvista™ + SmartFresh™ | p-Value *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
After 5 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 12.7 ± 0.2 a | 12.2 ± 0.6 a | 13.6 ± 0.2 b | 12.3 ± 0.7 a | 0.0048 |
Harvest II (DH) | 12.3 ± 0.7 a | 12.5 ± 0.2 a | 12.9 ± 0.4 a | 12.3 ± 0.7 a | 0.3588 |
p-value *** | 0.3202 | 0.2731 | 0.0213 | 0.9610 | |
After 7 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 13.4 ± 0.7 a | 12.5 ± 0.2 a | 12.9 ± 0.5 a | 13.3 ± 0.5 a | 0.0962 |
Harvest II (DH) | 12.6 ± 0.4 ab | 11.9 ± 0.7 a | 13.2 ± 0.4 b | 13.5 ± 0.8 b | 0.0126 |
p-value *** | 0.0934 | 0.1345 | 0.4755 | 0.7290 | |
After 9 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 13.1 ± 0.3 a | 12.7 ± 0.3 a | 13.2 ± 0.9 a | 13.4 ± 0.6 a | 0.5078 |
Harvest II (DH) | 13.0 ± 0.2 b | 11.1 ± 0.7 a | 13.9 ± 0.7 c | 12.4 ± 0.4 b | <0.0001 |
p-value *** | 0.5127 | 0.0046 | 0.2148 | 0.0434 |
Harvest Date | Control | Harvista™ | SmartFresh™ | Harvista™ + SmartFresh™ | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
After 5 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 13.1 ± 0.9 a | 12.3 ± 0.4 a | 13.2 ± 0.2 a | 13.0 ± 0.4 a | 0.1538 |
Harvest II (DH) | 12.6 ± 0.7 a | 12.0 ± 0.3 a | 12.9 ± 0.3 a | 12.4 ± 0.4 a | 0.1000 |
p-value *** | 0.3094 | 0.2425 | 0.1489 | 0.0384 | |
After 7 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 13.5 ± 0.4 a | 12.2 ± 0.4 a | 13.1 ± 0.5 a | 13.1 ± 0.8 a | 0.0867 |
Harvest II (DH) | 12.4 ± 0.2 b | 11.8 ± 0.7 a | 13.1 ± 0.4 c | 13.1 ± 0.8 c | 0.0238 |
p-value *** | 0.0209 | 0.3836 | 0.6631 | 0.8845 | |
After 9 Months of Storage | |||||
Harvest I (OHD) | 13.2 ± 0.4 a | 13.1 ± 0.4 a | 13.4 ± 0.6 a | 13.5 ± 0.5 a | 0.6658 |
Harvest II (DH) | 12.4 ± 0.3 b | 11.3 ± 0.4 a | 14.1 ± 0.3 c | 12.3 ± 0.3 b | 0.0047 |
p-value *** | 0.0202 | 0.0202 | 0.0575 | 0.0209 |
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Małachowska, M.; Tomala, K. Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Application of 1-MCP on the Quality of Gala Schniga® SchniCo Red(s) Apples during Long-Term Storage. Agriculture 2022, 12, 2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122073
Małachowska M, Tomala K. Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Application of 1-MCP on the Quality of Gala Schniga® SchniCo Red(s) Apples during Long-Term Storage. Agriculture. 2022; 12(12):2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122073
Chicago/Turabian StyleMałachowska, Maria, and Kazimierz Tomala. 2022. "Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Application of 1-MCP on the Quality of Gala Schniga® SchniCo Red(s) Apples during Long-Term Storage" Agriculture 12, no. 12: 2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122073