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Article

Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Vitamin E Supplementation to Linseed Oil-Enriched Diets on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens

by
Lidija Perić
1,*,
Dragan Žikić
1,
Mirjana Đukić Stojčić
1,
Vladimir Tomović
2,
Jakob Leskovec
3,
Alenka Levart
3,
Janez Salobir
3,
Zdenko Kanački
4 and
Vida Rezar
3
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
2
Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
3
Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
4
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2022, 12(11), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111772
Submission received: 16 September 2022 / Revised: 8 October 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 25 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Alternative Feeds and Dietary Additives on Poultry Growth, Immune Function and Gut Health)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The objective of this study was to establish the effects of chestnut tannin extract or vitamin E added to linseed oil-enriched diets on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were included in trial. 5% of cold-pressed linseed oil was included in finisher diets (21–40 days), and three feeding treatments with four replicates were formed: finisher without additives; finisher + 200 IU vitamin E/kg; finisher + 500 mg/kg of chestnut wood tannin extract. No significant influence of treatments was established on body weight or feed conversion ratio. A negative effect on feed intake (p < 0.05) was found in the vitamin E group. The addition of vitamin E increased the dressing percentage (p < 0.05) and increased the breast meat yield (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. No significant effects were found on the water holding capacity or pH of breast meat. The highest level of AST (p < 0.01) and ALT (p < 0.05) was recorded in vitamin E group. The addition of chestnut tannin extract in feed increased villus height, villus height: crypt depth ratio, and villus area compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that vitamin E supplementation improves carcass percentage and breast meat yield, while chestnut tannins improve the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens when added to oil-enriched diets.

1. Introduction

In 2019, chicken meat production achieved the highest growth, becoming the most produced meat with a share of 35% of the global market [1]. This rapid growth was possible due to the high genetic potential of broilers, good management practices, and well-balanced and high-quality feed. At the same time, consumers started to pay more attention to the importance of nutrition for their health. Today, the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is recommended for human nutrition because they exert numerous benefits on their health [2]. Also, the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids in the diet is critical especially if it is known that the intake of n-6 fatty acids is excessive, mainly in Western countries [2]. Since humans are not efficient in synthesizing long-chain PUFA, the production of n-3 PUFA-enriched poultry meat is gaining more importance. However, the inclusion of oils rich in n-3 PUFA in broiler diets will increase the content of n-3 PUFA in broiler meat which can raise oxidative stress [3]. Therefore, the inclusion of n-3 PUFA also requires a higher level of antioxidants in broiler feed [4]. In this context, tannin-containing products are gaining importance among poultry nutritionists [5,6] since the antioxidant activity of chestnut tannins was reported by many authors [4,5].
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds with different molecular weights and variable chemical complexity [3,5]. Tannins can be classified into two groups: condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins [7]. Tannins are usually considered antinutritional substances for monogastric animals and poultry [8,9], but recent research confirmed beneficial biological effects of tannins such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, etc. [5,9,10]. Hydrolyzable tannins extracted from chestnut wood have been used in broiler diets to improve litter quality [11,12], foot pad lesion score [13], and the fatty acid composition of breast meat and act as a biological antioxidant [8,14]. One of the key effects of tannins is the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, which can be very beneficial for animals [5,15,16]. However, despite the mentioned positive effects, some authors have not found a positive effect of tannin extracts on growth performance [11,14]. As opposed to tannins, which antioxidative properties are still being studied, vitamin E has been effectively used in poultry nutrition because it is a very potent lipid-soluble antioxidant [17,18]. Vitamin E has been established to mitigate the detrimental effect caused by heat stress [19,20,21] or increased dietary intake of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids [3,22]. The addition of vitamin E to broiler diets enriched with n-3 PUFA increased α-tocopherol content in plasma and meat, lowered plasma malondialdehyde, and protected DNA from oxidative damage [23,24]. Besides vitamin E or tannin extracts, other antioxidants such as selenium [25,26], vitamin C, or their combination [4,27] could also be included in the oil-enriched feed.
On the other hand, high prices of feedstuffs and feed additives put much pressure on poultry production, so the cost-effectiveness of the supplements is significant for poultry producers. Some authors established that the return on investment could be as high as 10.9 when vitamins and minerals are used as feed supplements [28]. It has been reported that the addition of 0.5 kg/t of tannin extracts lowered the feed cost per 1 kg of growth by 3.8% [29]. However, it is essential to emphasize that cost-effectiveness depends on many factors, and it is difficult to state whether adding the increased dosage of vitamin E or tannin extract will result in increased profit. The main benefit of adding these two antioxidants should be reflected in preserving the animals’ health and improving the meat’s quality.
This study aimed to determine the effects of the dietary addition of chestnut tannin extract or vitamin E to linseed oil-enriched diets on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.

2. Materials and Methods

The trial was conducted at the Experimental poultry farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad.

2.1. Experimental Design and Dietary Treatments

A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to three treatments with four replicates (20 birds per replicate). Birds were reared in floor pens covered with chopped straw. Stocking density was16 birds/m2. The temperature regime was as follows: 32 °C (0–2 d), 30 °C (3–7 d), 28 °C (8–14 d), 26 °C (15–21 d), 23 °C (22–28 d), and 21 °C thereafter. The lighting program was 18 h of light and 6 h of dark. Consumption of feed and water was provided ad libitum. Broilers were fed a starter diet (1–12 days) and a grower diet (13–20 days), and feed was composed to meet the needs recommended by the company Aviagen for Ross 308 [30]. Feed was provided in mash form. Finisher diets, which were given to the birds from the 21st to the 40th day of the trial, were enriched with 5% of cold-pressed linseed oil, and three feeding treatments were formed: feed without additives (Control); feed + 200 IU vitamin E/kg (Rovimix Stay-C35 (DSM)) (Vitamin E); feed + 500 mg/kg of sweet chestnut wood extract Farmatan® (Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia) (Tannin). Farmatan® is obtained from the sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sati-va Mill.) by the water extraction process. It contains about 75% tannins, mostly ellagitannins [31]. The dose of Farmatan® in animal feed recommended by the manufacturer is from 0.4 to 0.7 kg/t, so an average dose of 0.5 kg/t was chosen for this experiment. The composition of the basal diets is shown in Table 1.

2.2. Performance and Carcass Quality

Body weight and feed intake were measured on a pen basis. Body weight and feed intake were recorded at the end of the starter period (day 12), at the end of the finisher period (day 20), and the end of the trial (day 40). Mortality was recorded daily. At 40 days of age, birds were individually weighed, and 12 animals per group were killed by cervical dislocation. Blood samples for the analyses were taken from the jugular vein. Upon slaughter, the processed carcasses were cooled for 24 h at 4 °C. After the chilling; the carcasses were weighed to calculate the dressing percentage. The ready-to-cook carcass weight was recorded after removing the viscera, giblets, shanks, and head from the eviscerated carcass. The dressed cold carcasses were then dissected into primal cuts (breast, legs, wings, and back). The abdominal fat pad was removed from the carcass and measured.

2.3. Meat Analyses

After the slaughtering and carcass dissection, the left side of the breast muscle was separated from the bone and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C. The pH analysis was carried out 24 h post-mortem and 48 h post-mortem. Water holding capacity was determined 24 h post-mortem according to the method described by Tomović et al. [32]. The pH value was measured with a portable pH meter (Consort T651, Turnhout, Belgium) equipped with an insertion electrode (Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) [32].

2.4. Blood Analyses

The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using a spectrophotometer (Clima MC-15) and test kits (Bioanalytica) by kinetic reaction, with absorbance measured at 340 nm. Activities of AST and ALT were determined using the spectrophotometric method [33,34].

2.5. Gut Morphology

Gut samples were taken from the jejunum at the midpoint between the end of the duodenal loop and the location of Meckel’s diverticulum. Samples of jejunum were washed with saline solution and placed in 10% formaldehyde. Samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosine after the histological procedure. For determining parameters representing jejunal histology light microscope and software for image analysis (IM1000 Image Manager, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) were used. For the evaluation of villus height, villus width, crypt depth, and thickness of tunica muscularis externa, at least 15 measurements per bird were made. The villus was determined by measurements at three points: close to the bottom, at the midpoint, and close to the tip of the villus. After that, the average values were calculated and used for the statistical analyses.

2.6. Statistical Analyses

The statistical analysis was done using the General Lineal Model of STATISTICA 14 (TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2019). The analysis was done as a complete random design with three groups and four replicates. Percentage data were transformed using arcsine transformation, and transformed values were used for analyses. A Levene’s test was used to test the homogeneity of variances. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the effects of treatment. The overall model used was:
Yij = µ + Ai + ɛij
where Yij represents the dependent variable, µ represents the overall mean, Ai is the effect of the treatment (control, addition of 500 mg/kg sweet chestnut wood extract, addition of 200 IU vitamin E/kg), and ɛij is the error. Fisher LSD post hoc test was used to separate LS means. Differences between treatments were considered significant at p < 0.05.

3. Results

Growth performances of broilers fed linseed oil-enriched diets with or without added antioxidants are presented in Table 2.
No significant influence of treatments was established on body weight, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio. Negative effect on feed intake (p < 0.05) was found in the vitamin E group, from 21 to 40 days. That was also reflected in total feed intake, which was lower in the vitamin E group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Feed intake of birds fed chestnut tannin extract was not different from the other two groups. The lower feed intake in the vitamin E group did not significantly influence the feed conversion ratio (FCR), although it was numerically lowest in the vitamin E group. The mortality rate was very low in all groups. Only one chick died in the control and tannin groups, while none died in the vitamin E group.
Dietary supplements significantly affected dressing percentage (p < 0.05), as well as percentages of breast (p < 0.01) and legs (p < 0.01) yields (Table 3).
The results showed that adding vitamin E increased the dressing percentage compared to the other two groups and increased the breast meat yield (%) compared to the control group. The legs yield (%) was lowered in the vitamin E group compared to the control and tannin group (p < 0.01). These results indicate a positive effect of vitamin E on carcass quality.
No significant differences were found between groups in the water holding capacity or pH of breast meat (Table 4).
Analyses of the enzyme profiles of ALT and AST showed significant differences between groups (Table 5). Precisely, the highest level of AST (p < 0.01) and ALT (p < 0.05) was recorded in the vitamin E group, which implies the lower protective role of vitamin E against a high level of PUFA in feed. However, it is essential to emphasize that all values were within the normal physiological range.
The results of the intestinal morphology measurements are presented in Table 6. The addition of chestnut tannin extract in feed improved the development of morphological structures of the intestine, as indicated by an increase in villus height, increased villus height:crypt depth ratio, and increased villus area compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). The differences between the control and the vitamin E group were not significant.

4. Discussion

Numerous studies have shown that broilers fed with diets with high content of PUFA have a higher demand for dietary antioxidants [3,22,23,35]. Antioxidants added in broiler feed have a positive effect on maintaining the oxidative balance, beneficial to the intestinal mucosa, and increase growth performance [36]. The hormone levels like corticosterone and catecholamines increase under stress conditions, and lipid peroxidation in cell membranes is initiated, indicating that a higher level of vitamin E in feed is needed [35]. The present study evaluated the effects of vitamin E as a proven antioxidant and chestnut tannins as natural plant antioxidants. Adding vitamin E or chestnut tannins to broiler diets did not affect growth performance. The differences between the vitamin E and tannin group were insignificant (p > 0.05). It could be stated that the vitamin E content in standard broiler diets is sufficient to meet their needs, even when the amount of PUFA in the diet increases. A negative impact of a higher dosage of vitamin E on feed consumption compared to both the control and tannin groups, which has been noticed in the present study, is not supported by the findings of other researchers. Most studies showed that increasing vitamin E in the feed had no significant effect on the final live weight, feed intake, and FCR under heat stress conditions [35,37,38] or in standard rearing conditions [39]. A negative impact on feed consumption, which has been noticed in the present study, is not supported by the findings of other researchers.
Supplementing dietary tannins in feed has different outcomes in growing monogastric animals [9]. The positive effect of low doses of chestnut tannins on body weight and FCR were found in young birds [7]. However, the negative effect of tannin supplementation on body weight and FCR is mainly related to a higher dosage of tannins in broiler feed [6,7,10,11]. Feed intake and body weight gain declined, and FCR increased with an increase in dietary tannin content up to 15 g kg−1 diet [40]. Choi et al. [41] established that tannin acid at levels below 972 mg/kg could be added to broiler feed without a negative effect on productive performance. The negative effect of higher doses of tannin extracts can be explained by the significant reduction in feed intake, resulting in lower weight gain [6,7,11,40]. The negative effects of high concentrations of tannins on feed intake in broilers can be caused by irritation of the esophagus and necrosis in crop, gizzard, and duodenum [42]. Some authors [8,43] reported a reduction in growth performance and FCR even with an addition level of 10 g/kg of tannin extract. These inconsistencies support the standpoint that it is not only the dose but also the type of tannin in the feed that matters [9].
Slaughter traits are essential for poultry producers, and even the smallest differences in the dressing percentage and carcass part yields can lead to changes in the economic efficiency of production [27]. Since the feed composition and nutrient and energy level in the present experiment was similar in all groups, the differences in carcass part yields between groups were not expected. Most researchers found that dietary supplementation with vitamin E did not affect the carcass, breast, and thigh yields [35,38,39]. However, in the present study, adding vitamin E improved the dressing percentage compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). Also, vitamin E increased the breast meat yield (%) compared to the control group (p < 0.01) but not compared to the tannin group. This is in line with Mazur-Kuśnirek et al. [37], who reported that broilers fed diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg of vitamin E had a higher yield of breast muscles in the carcass. An increased percentage of breast meat of breast meat in broilers which were fed with dietsdiets with an increased level of vitamin E was also reported by others [44,45]. To the best of our knowledge, no clear explanation can be found in the available literature on the association between dietary vitamin E supplementation and increased breast meat percentage. The positive effects of vitamin E on the quality of breast meat have been proven [6,17], but the influence on the percentage of breast meat yield has not yet been scientifically supported. Regarding the addition of chestnut tannins, the dressing percentage was lower compared to the vitamin E group (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in breast meat yield between tannin and vitamin E groups. Other researchers also reported the lack of the effect, who found that dressing percentage and carcass parts yields were not affected by the addition of tannins [6,7,11,46].
Besides the dressing percentage and carcass parts yields, the most critical issue for the consumers is the meat quality. n-3 PUFA-enriched broiler meat is prone to oxidative damage [27], and dietary antioxidants could alleviate the adverse effects of oxidative stress, and consequently improve the meat quality [47,48]. The addition of higher dosage of vitamin E in broiler feed could ameliorate the resistance against pale, soft, and exudative meat [49], improve the cell integrity, decrease lipid oxidation, reduce pigment oxidation, and positively affect the water holding capacity [17,39]. The addition of chestnut tannins in broiler feed could increase meat pH and result in lower drip loss [6]. However, no positive effects of a higher level of vitamin E or addition of chestnut tannins on the water holding capacity or pH of breast meat were found in the present study. The lack of the effect of tannins on meat quality was also reported by Pascual et al. [46].
When examining oxidative stress in poultry, liver enzymes are a good indicator of an altered metabolism. The main target organ in many negative conditions is the liver. Heat stress, aflatoxicosis, and infections could cause impairing or disturbance in the metabolism of lipids and other important nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, amino acids, nucleic acids, and liver enzymes [50,51]. A level of ALT indicates non-specific cell damage, and AST is a sensitive avian indicator for liver damage and muscle damage [26,52]. In the present study, the highest level of AST and ALT activity was recorded in the vitamin E group. The differences were significant compared to control and tannin group (p < 0.01 for AST and p < 0.05 for ALT). This finding implies that the protective role of vitamin E in reducing the liver damage was lower than chestnut tannin extract. This contrasts with findings that the best protective effect on the liver enzymes (ALT and AST) was found by the addition of vitamin E and selenium in the feed of birds exposed to high aflatoxin levels in feed [50]. However, Ebraimzadeh et al. [53] didn’t find differences in AST and ALT activity between the control group and vitamin E enriched group (200 mg/kg of αtocopherol acetate), which confirms the fact that vitamin E is not always effective in protecting the liver from damage. Sodium selenite and vitamin E somewhat have reduced the damaging effect of cyclophosphamide in rats, but the effect on the level of ALT and AST were not significant (p > 0.05) [54]. It has been demonstrated that chestnut tannins have strong antioxidant activity [55,56]. The tannin group’s lower AST and ALT values could be explained by the protective effect of tannins on body lipid oxidation and DNA integrity [57]. Chestnut tannins added in broiler feed can decrease the damage of lymphocyte DNA caused by oxidative stress [3].
Normal digestion and absorption of nutrients can be realized only in a healthy gastrointestinal tract that is not harmed or damaged [58,59]. Gut morphology is susceptible to a stressor [60], and the gastrointestinal tract has several possibilities to adapt to unfavorable conditions [53]. By changing the height of its villi, the intestine will change its surface to adapt to the changed circumstances [61]. Villus height is significant for absorption of nutrients and their transport in the gastrointestinal tract. Elongated villi and a higher villus/crypt ratio point that the rate of migration of enterocyte-cell from the crypt to the villus is lower [59]. The addition of chestnut tannin extract improved the development of morphological structures of the intestine in the present study. The positive effect of tannins was reflected in increased villus height, increased villus height:crypt depth ratio, and increased villus area compared to the control and vitamin E group (p < 0.05). The differences between the control and the vitamin E group were not significant. Elongated villi and a higher villus/crypt ratio would be expected to reflect improved growth performance in the tannin group, but this effect has not been demonstrated. However, the intestine morphology was not compromised in the other groups either, so under the given circumstances, all groups achieved similar growth performances. It can be assumed that the positive effect of tannins could be very significant in some other challenging conditions, which could be detrimental to gut morphology. In that case, the positive effect of elongated villi on growth performance would probably be significant, as has been shown in many studies [16,58,59,60]. Elongated villi and increased villus height:crypt depth ratio were found in broilers supplemented with chestnut tannins exposed to heat stress [60]. It has been demonstrated that the addition of chestnut tannin can reduce the severity of gut damage, and efficiently control necrotic enteritis and the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens [16]. The effect of chestnut tannins on gut morphology could be dose-dependent [11]. At lower levels of inclusion (250 mg and 500 mg of chestnut tannins per kg of feed), the villi were formed correctly, but the dose of 1.0 g/kg caused changes in the morphology of the intestinal wall and lowered proliferation rate in the mother-cell zone. Range of tannic acid supplementation between 500 and 900 mg/kg improves gut health in broilers under antibiotic-free conditions [41]. Vitamin E was demonstrated to have positive effects on gut morphology and absorption area [62,63,64]. Chickens fed diets supplemented with 100, 200, or 400 IU/kg vitamin E for 42 days had significantly increased villus height and width [62]. Feeding broilers with 10 mg vitamin E/kg, supplemented with glutamine for the first week of life, resulted in better intestinal mucosa development [63]. Ebrahimzaeh et al. [53] found no effect on villus height, crypt depth, or tunica muscularis thickness by the addition of 200 mg/kg of α-tocopherol acetate in the feed of broiler chickens, which is consistent with the results of the present study.

5. Conclusions

Based on the results of the trial, it was assessed that the addition of chestnut tannin extract and vitamin E does not affect body weight, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio. A negative effect on feed intake was found in the vitamin E group, but without negative consequences on body weight gain or FCR. No effect was found on the water holding capacity or pH of breast meat. Vitamin E supplementation was found to improve carcass percentage and breast meat yield, while chestnut tannins improve intestinal morphology of broiler chickens when added to oil-enriched diets. Although in this experiment, the positive effects of tannins and vitamin E were not reflected in improved growth performance, these effects could be beneficial in other challenging conditions in poultry production.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.P., D.Ž., M.Đ.S., J.S. and V.R.; methodology, L.P., V.T., J.L., A.L., J.S. and Z.K.; investigation, D.Ž., M.Đ.S., J.L., V.T., Z.K. and A.L.; writing—original draft preparation, L.P., J.L., V.T. and Z.K.; writing—review and editing, M.Đ.S., D.Ž. and V.R.; supervision, A.L., J.S., Z.K. and V.R.; project administration, L.P., V.R. and J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by a grant from the Slovenian Research Agency (Ljubljana, Slovenia, grant No. P4-0097) and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (No. 451-03-68/2020-14/200117).

Institutional Review Board Statement

All the procedures were conducted according to the ethical norms of the EU Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, according to Annex 4 of the Rulebook on the conditions for entry in the register for inspections on animals, the content and manner of keeping that register, the welfare training program experimental animals, the application form for approval for conducting experiments on animals, the manner of care, treatment and deprivation of life of experimental animals, as well as content and manner of keeping records on keeping, reproduction, trade, and conducting animal experiments (Annex 4, Official Gazette of RS No. 39/10).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Table
Table 1. Composition and nutrient content of the starter, grower and finisher diets 1.
Table 1. Composition and nutrient content of the starter, grower and finisher diets 1.
Ingredients, %Starter (1–12 d)Grower (13–20 d)Finisher (21–40 d)
Maize42.1349.0053.70
Wheat5.003.004.00
Wheat bran6.00//
Soybean meal 228.4615.4532.00
Full fat soybean (extruded)13.6728.001.00
Linseed oil//5.00
Lysine0.240.150.13
Methionine0.370.200.17
Threonine0.09//
Monocalcium phosphate1.011.501.30
Limestone1.391.401.40
Salt0.270.300.30
Sodium bicarbonate0.13//
Phytase0.02//
Ronozyme VP 30.02//
Captex T2 40.20//
Premix 51.001.001.00
Nutrient analyses
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg) 612.4513.0013.40
Crude protein, %23.0021.6519.69
Lysine, %1.440.931.50
Methionine, %0.680.440.47
Calcium, %0.961.300.88
Available Phosphorus, %0.480.520.42
1 Finisher experimental diets were supplemented with either 200 IU vitamin E/kg (Rovimix Stay-C35 (DSM)) (Vitamin E group) or 500 mg/kg sweet chestnut wood extract Farmatan® (Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia) (Tannin group). 2 44% of crude protein. 3 DSM Nutritional Products Europe Ltd. 4 Medro–Doxal ©. 5 Composition of premix (/kg): vitamin D (4500 IU), vitamin A (10,000 IU), vitamin E (50 IU), vitamin K (3 mg), choline (1600 mg), biotin (0.18 mg), niacin (60 mg), folic acid (1.9 mg), pantothenic acid (18 mg), vitamin B1 (2.5 mg), vitamin B2 (6.5 mg), vitamin B6 (3.2 mg), vitamin B12 (0.017 mg), Cu (16 mg), I (1.25 mg), Mn (120 mg), Fe (20 mg), Zn (110 mg), Se (0.25 g). 6 Calculated values.
Table
Table 2. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the growth performances of broiler chickens.
Table 2. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the growth performances of broiler chickens.
Control 1Tannin 2Vitamin E 3SEMp Value
Body weight, g
Day 207607857668.830.538
Day 4023942354231221.650.329
Average daily gain, g
1–20 days34.9835.7834.440.430.477
21–40 days89.7386.6285.890.990.259
1–40 days60.2559.2558.190.550.338
Average daily feed intake, g
1–20 days49.3049.9948.100.410.160
21–40 days155.32 a152.50 ab147.83 b1.400.048
1–40 days98.23 a97.30 ab94.13 b0.790.047
Feed conversion ratio
1–20 days1.411.401.400.0070.605
21–40 days1.731.751.720.0110.598
1–40 days1.631.641.620.0090.853
Mortality rate, %
1–40 days1.171.170.00//
a–b Means within the same row with no common superscript differ significantly (p < 0.05). 1 Control diet. 2 Control diet + 200 IU vitamin E/kg, Rovimix Stay-C35 (DSM). 3 Control diet + 500 mg/kg sweet chestnut wood extract Farmatan® (Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia).
Table
Table 3. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the dressing percentage (ready to cook) and carcass yields (%) of breast, legs, wings, back, and abdominal fat.
Table 3. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the dressing percentage (ready to cook) and carcass yields (%) of breast, legs, wings, back, and abdominal fat.
Control 1Tannin 2Vitamin E 3SEMp Value
Dressing percentage, %69.53 b69.64 b71.17 a0.300.042
Carcass yield, %
Breast37.11 B37.80 AB38.87 A0.250.009
Legs30.49 A30.13 A29.11 B0.16<0.001
Back20.4120.2520.710.170.543
Wings11.0510.8810.850.080.327
Abdominal fat0.920.920.920.060.998
a–b Means within the same row with no common superscript differ significantly (p < 0.05). A–B Means within the same row with no common superscript differ significantly (p < 0.01). 1 Control diet. 2 Control diet + 200 IU vitamin E/kg, Rovimix Stay-C35 (DSM). 3 Control diet + 500 mg/kg sweet chestnut wood extract Farmatan® (Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia).
Table
Table 4. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the water holding capacity and pH of the breast meat of broiler chickens.
Table 4. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the water holding capacity and pH of the breast meat of broiler chickens.
Control 1Tannin 2Vitamin E 3SEMp Value
WHC 40.460.450.480.010.228
pH 24 h post mortem5.966.046.070.050.192
pH 48 h post mortem5.885.915.950.050.342
1 Control diet. 2 Control diet + 200 IU vitamin E/kg, Rovimix Stay-C35 (DSM). 3 Control diet + 500 mg/kg sweet chestnut wood extract Farmatan® (Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia). 4 WHC = water holding capacity.
Table
Table 5. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the blood of broiler chickens.
Table 5. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the blood of broiler chickens.
Control 1Tannin 2Vitamin E 3SEMp Value
AST (IU/L)279.21 B270.53 B372.06 A14.550.004
ALT (IU/L)28.74 b31.91 b43.33 a2.390.026
1 Control diet. 2 Control diet + 200 IU vitamin E/kg, Rovimix Stay-C35 (DSM). 3 Control diet + 500 mg/kg sweet chestnut wood extract Farmatan® (Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia). a–b Means within the same row with no common superscript differ significantly (p < 0.05). A–B Means within the same row with no common superscript differ significantly (p < 0.01).
Table
Table 6. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.
Table 6. Effect of chestnut tannins and vitamin E on the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.
Control 1Tannin 2Vitamin E 3SEMp Value
Villus height (μm)1940.82 b2207.66 a2027.60 b39.430.014
Crypt depth (μm)439.90 ab426.23 b485.87 a10.780.046
Villus height: crypt dept ratio4.53 b5.35 a4.37 b0.150.015
Villus area (mm2)0.35 b0.47 a0.40 b0.010.002
Tunica muscularis thickness (μm)342.84323.60337.697.760.591
a–b Means within the same row with no common superscript differ significantly (p < 0.05). 1 Control diet. 2.Control diet + 200 IU vitamin E/kg, Rovimix Stay-C35 (DSM). 3 Control diet + 500 mg/kg sweet chestnut wood extract Farmatan® (Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia).
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Perić, L.; Žikić, D.; Stojčić, M.Đ.; Tomović, V.; Leskovec, J.; Levart, A.; Salobir, J.; Kanački, Z.; Rezar, V. Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Vitamin E Supplementation to Linseed Oil-Enriched Diets on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111772

AMA Style

Perić L, Žikić D, Stojčić MĐ, Tomović V, Leskovec J, Levart A, Salobir J, Kanački Z, Rezar V. Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Vitamin E Supplementation to Linseed Oil-Enriched Diets on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens. Agriculture. 2022; 12(11):1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111772

Chicago/Turabian Style

Perić, Lidija, Dragan Žikić, Mirjana Đukić Stojčić, Vladimir Tomović, Jakob Leskovec, Alenka Levart, Janez Salobir, Zdenko Kanački, and Vida Rezar. 2022. "Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Vitamin E Supplementation to Linseed Oil-Enriched Diets on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens" Agriculture 12, no. 11: 1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111772

APA Style

Perić, L., Žikić, D., Stojčić, M. Đ., Tomović, V., Leskovec, J., Levart, A., Salobir, J., Kanački, Z., & Rezar, V. (2022). Effect of Chestnut Tannins and Vitamin E Supplementation to Linseed Oil-Enriched Diets on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens. Agriculture, 12(11), 1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111772

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