Responses of Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms to Intercropping Systems in Different Seasons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Location and Design
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Potential Nitrification Rate (PNR)
2.4. DNA Extraction and Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
2.5. Illumina MiSeq Sequencing and Data Processing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and PNR
3.2. Soil AOA and AOB Abundances
3.3. Soil AOA and AOB Community Alpha and Beta Diversities
3.4. Soil AOA and AOB Community Composition
3.5. Relationships between Soil AOA and AOB Communities and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
3.6. Co-Occurrence Network Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Season | Treatment | Moisture (%) | pH | -N (mg·kg−1) | -N (mg·kg−1) | AP (mg·kg−1) | AK (mg·kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | A | 24.94 ± 5.44 a | 7.32 ± 0.05 a | 27.66 ± 8.17 b | 35.13 ± 9.37 a | 467.14 ± 53.44 b | 533.20 ± 110.66 a |
T | 23.44 ± 0.41 a | 7.18 ± 0.05 a | 15.33 ± 6.96 b | 63.61 ± 26.32 a | 427.53 ± 51.22 b | 561.11 ± 78.41 a | |
W | 22.47 ± 0.71 a | 7.16 ± 0.09 a | 16.51 ± 2.76 b | 62.78 ± 24.81 a | 308.54 ± 83.92 c | 566.91 ± 49.71 a | |
Ry | 22.54 ± 4.01 a | 7.22 ± 0.15 a | 56.31 ± 28.18 a | 54.58 ± 25.28 a | 276.72 ± 66.06 c | 460.27 ± 21.98 a | |
C | 19.51 ± 1.40 a | 7.22 ± 0.17 a | 30.37 ± 11.53 b | 41.65 ± 14.32 a | 237.93 ± 49.81 c | 589.08 ± 49.52 a | |
Ra | 21.00 ± 4.73 a | 7.17 ± 0.09 a | 20.39 ± 9.53 b | 37.18 ± 15.57 a | 430.65 ± 50.62 b | 619.80 ± 160.82 a | |
M | 24.71 ± 2.66 a | 7.20 ± 0.21 a | 35.92 ± 6.91 a b | 33.29 ± 14.66 a | 505.27 ± 111.20 b | 503.53 ± 54.84 a | |
CM | 23.41 ± 1.31 a | 7.10 ± 0.06 a | 26.77 ± 9.94 b | 44.96 ± 21.57 a | 621.85 ± 41.44 a | 617.54 ± 36.36 a | |
Autumn | A | 25.50 ± 2.86 a | 6.81 ± 0.14 a | 13.15 ± 3.86 a | 43.64 ± 2.99 a | 388.36 ± 40.70 a | 546.25 ± 37.31 a |
T | 26.68 ± 1.36 a | 6.78 ± 0.05 a | 12.82 ± 2.92 a | 36.51 ± 3.58 a b | 386.53 ± 37.81 a | 517.75 ± 26.07 b | |
W | 19.98 ± 8.27 a | 6.91 ± 0.05 a | 22.25 ± 8.56 a | 34.14 ± 3.03 b | 390.63 ± 19.06 a | 431.84 ± 38.31 b | |
Ry | 26.49 ± 2.73 a | 6.85 ± 0.05 a | 17.63 ± 3.03 a | 34.25 ± 7.82 b | 427.94 ± 12.86 a | 530.36 ± 70.57 a b | |
C | 25.82 ± 1.76 a | 6.80 ± 0.06 a | 19.60 ± 7.38 a | 43.91 ± 3.41 a | 358.98 ± 26.13 a | 525.23 ± 56.65 a b | |
Ra | 24.39 ± 0.88 a | 6.84 ± 0.08 a | 19.36 ± 8.49 a | 39.16 ± 8.27 a b | 368.92 ± 59.10 a | 506.17 ± 95.25 a b | |
M | 25.87 ± 2.33 a | 6.86 ± 0.11 a | 21.33 ± 3.87 a | 32.78 ± 1.70 b | 393.76 ± 34.35 a | 515.80 ± 40.82 a b | |
CM | 19.11 ± 9.03 a | 6.75 ± 0.08 a | 18.81 ± 4.15 a | 33.66 ± 1.72 b | 425.29 ± 30.81 a | 521.20 ± 22.51 a b |
Season | Abundance | Moisture | pH | -N | -N | AP | AK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | AOA | −0.464 * | −0.069 | −0.201 | 0.475 * | −0.087 | −0.278 |
AOB | −0.253 | −0.576 ** | 0.331 | 0.598 ** | −0.153 | −0.152 | |
Autumn | AOA | −0.139 | 0.201 | 0.167 | 0.467 * | −0.459* | −0.464 * |
AOB | −0.018 | −0.213 | 0.369 | 0.452 * | 0.135 | 0.004 |
Classified | Season | Treatment | Sequences | Number of OTUs | Shannon | Simpson | Chao 1 | Coverage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOA | Spring | A | 11,467 ± 903 | 52 ± 2.12 b | 2.35 ± 0.03 a b | 0.1413 ± 0.0010 c d | 69.25 ± 6.01 a | 99.90 |
T | 11,860 ± 485 | 53 ± 0.71 a b | 2.34 ± 0.06 a b | 0.1408 ± 0.0003 b c | 64.0 ± 1.41 a b | 99.91 | ||
W | 13,463 ± 2161 | 54 ± 1.41 a b | 2.36 ± 0.16 a b | 0.1668 ± 0.0157 a | 60.60 ± 4.81 b c | 99.92 | ||
Ry | 11,599 ± 1216 | 50 ± 2.83 a b | 2.22 ± 0.24 b | 0.1593 ± 0.0085 a b | 54.75 ± 3.89 c d | 99.95 | ||
C | 11,926 ± 2186 | 57 ± 1.41 a | 2.50 ± 0.05 a | 0.1292 ± 0.0029 d | 60.93 ± 1.04 b c | 99.90 | ||
Ra | 13,620 ± 1645 | 50 ± 0.71 b | 2.30 ± 0.11 a b | 0.1698 ± 0.0042 a | 50.23 ± 0.89 d | 99.96 | ||
M | 12,758 ± 1706 | 52 ± 4.24 a b | 2.37 ± 0.03 a b | 0.1345 ± 0.0060 c d | 47.38 ± 3.36 d | 99.95 | ||
CM | 12,400 ± 571 | 52 ± 0.71 b | 2.48 ± 0.11 a | 0.1386 ± 0.0022 c d | 52.29 ± 0.20 d | 99.94 | ||
Autumn | A | 12,711 ± 1284 | 52 ± 2.12 a b c | 2.35 ± 0.14 a | 0.1403 ± 0.0014 b | 58.80 ± 0.28 a b c | 99.92 | |
T | 13,821 ± 2446 | 55 ± 1.41 a | 2.34 ± 0.15 a | 0.1672 ± 0.0185 b | 62.00 ± 1.41 a b | 99.92 | ||
W | 15,714 ± 2920 | 50 ± 0 b c | 2.06 ± 0.09 b | 0.2498 ± 0.0093 a | 52.00 ± 1.42 d | 99.95 | ||
Ry | 15,114 ± 2652 | 53 ± 1.41 a b | 2.23 ± 0.07 a b | 0.1878 ± 0.0015 b | 56.27 ± 0.09 c | 99.92 | ||
C | 12,214 ± 1629 | 52 ± 0 c | 2.06 ± 0.15 b | 0.2401 ± 0.0317 a | 62.17 ± 1.18 a | 99.92 | ||
Ra | 15,193 ± 1976 | 53 ± 1.41 a b | 2.35 ± 0.09 a | 0.1650 ± 0.0067 b | 58.25 ± 2.47 b c | 99.92 | ||
M | 16,022 ± 2551 | 52 ± 2.83 c | 2.17 ± 0.21 a b | 0.2405 ± 0.0387 a | 60.47 ± 1.60 a b | 99.93 | ||
CM | 14,474 ± 608 | 51 ± 0 c | 2.20 ± 0.15 a b | 0.1569 ± 0.0159 b | 52.38 ± 2.30 d | 99.93 | ||
AOB | Spring | A | 18,500 ± 1023 | 54 ± 2.65 a | 2.63 ± 0.22 a | 0.1236 ± 0.0405 a b | 62.14 ± 9.32 a | 99.92 |
T | 19,921 ± 1211 | 54 ± 7.51 a | 2.74 ± 0.18 a | 0.1181 ± 0.0364 a b | 55.33 ± 8.81 a | 99.96 | ||
W | 24,485 ± 991 | 53 ± 1.73 a | 2.62 ± 0.10 a | 0.1302 ± 0.0203 a b | 57.25 ± 4.63 a | 99.94 | ||
Ry | 21,533 ± 599 | 57 ± 4.04 a | 2.65 ± 0.17 a | 0.1201 ± 0.0323 a b | 62.20 ± 10.05 a | 99.92 | ||
C | 19,429 ± 1106 | 51 ± 2.08 a | 2.46 ± 0.18 a | 0.1612 ± 0.0394 a b | 54.65 ± 4.79 a | 99.93 | ||
Ra | 21,797 ± 726 | 53 ± 4.62 a | 2.75 ± 0.03 a | 0.1023 ± 0.0050 b | 56.78 ± 3.89 a | 99.94 | ||
M | 23,097 ± 1326 | 52 ± 1.0 a | 2.44 ± 0.23 a | 0.1688 ± 0.0355 a | 57.19 ± 3.76 a | 99.92 | ||
CM | 17,184 ± 878 | 52 ± 4.51 a | 2.42 ± 0.12 a | 0.1699 ± 0.0231 a | 58.23 ± 9.46 a | 99.92 | ||
Autumn | A | 18,457 ± 917 | 57 ± 1.53 a | 2.58 ± 0.27 a b | 0.1387 ± 0.0478 a b | 60.89 ± 1.46 a | 99.91 | |
T | 17,755 ± 784 | 52 ± 7.0 c | 1.85 ± 0.62 b | 0.3449 ± 0.1940 a | 44.63 ± 8.29 c | 99.93 | ||
W | 24,315 ± 1284 | 53 ± 1.15 b c | 2.46 ± 0.15 a b | 0.1623 ± 0.0413 a b | 48.58 ± 2.55 b c | 99.94 | ||
Ry | 21,624 ± 1157 | 52 ± 8.02 a b | 2.41 ± 0.51 a b | 0.1882 ± 0.1410 a b | 57.05 ± 10.15 a b | 99.91 | ||
C | 21,039 ± 1437 | 51 ± 1.53 b c | 1.85 ± 0.30 b | 0.3428 ± 0.0994 a | 48.76 ± 4.34 b c | 99.92 | ||
Ra | 21,426 ± 554 | 52 ± 4.04 a b | 2.72 ± 0.16 a | 0.0991 ± 0.0180 b | 56.07 ± 2.69 a b | 99.93 | ||
M | 24,196 ± 1451 | 51 ± 1.15 a b | 2.13 ± 0.28 a b | 0.2572 ± 0.0700 a b | 55.38 ± 4.89 a b | 99.92 | ||
CM | 16,464 ± 343 | 51 ± 4.04 a b c | 2.37 ± 0.54 a b | 0.1995 ± 0.1582 a b | 54.67 ± 3.21 b c | 99.92 |
Network Indicators | AOA (S) | AOA (A) | AOB (S) | AOB (A) | AOA and AOB (S) | AOA and AOB (A) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nodes | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 100 | 100 |
Edges | 112 | 97 | 88 | 217 | 228 | 341 |
Positive correlation edge numbers | 106 | 89 | 81 | 180 | 197 | 283 |
Negative correlation edge numbers | 6 | 8 | 7 | 37 | 28 | 58 |
Average path length (APL) | 2.875 | 4.226 | 2.891 | 2.580 | 3.607 | 4.174 |
Graph density (GD) | 0.091 | 0.079 | 0.072 | 0.177 | 0.044 | 0.069 |
Modularity (MD) | 0.707 | 0.897 | 0.722 | 0.466 | 1.141 | 0.676 |
Clustering coefficient (CC) | 0.627 | 0.567 | 0.592 | 0.678 | 0.631 | 0.656 |
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He, X.; Li, S.; Wu, F. Responses of Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms to Intercropping Systems in Different Seasons. Agriculture 2021, 11, 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030195
He X, Li S, Wu F. Responses of Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms to Intercropping Systems in Different Seasons. Agriculture. 2021; 11(3):195. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030195
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Xingjia, Sen Li, and Fengzhi Wu. 2021. "Responses of Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms to Intercropping Systems in Different Seasons" Agriculture 11, no. 3: 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030195