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Article

Assessing the Relationship between Sense of Agency, the Bodily-Self and Stress: Four Virtual-Reality Experiments in Healthy Individuals

by
Yonatan Stern
1,2,*,
Danny Koren
1,
Renana Moebus
2,
Gabriella Panishev
2 and
Roy Salomon
2
1
Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
2
Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(9), 2931; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092931
Received: 3 August 2020 / Revised: 3 September 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 / Published: 11 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual Reality in the Assessment, Understanding and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders)
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Abstract

The bodily-self, our experience of being a body, arises from the interaction of several processes. For example, embodied Sense of Agency (SoA), the feeling of controlling our body’s actions, is a fundamental facet of the bodily-self. SoA is disturbed in psychosis, with stress promoting its inception. However, there is little knowledge regarding the relationship between SoA, stress, and other facets of the bodily-self. In four experiments manipulating embodied SoA using a virtual hand (VH), we examined (1) How is embodied SoA related to other facets of the bodily-self?; and (2) How is SoA impacted by stress? We found that increased alteration of the VH significantly decreased subjective ratings of SoA and body ownership (Exp. 1), supporting the close relation between SoA and body ownership. Interoceptive accuracy and SoA were positively correlated (Exp. 3), connecting awareness to one’s actions and cardiac signals. Contrary to our expectations, SoA was not related to trait anxiety (Exp. 3), nor did induced stress impair SoA (Exp. 4). Finally, we found a negative correlation between self-reported prodromal symptoms and SoA. These results strongly support the connection between SoA and the bodily-self. Whereas, SoA was not impaired by stress, and weakly related to psychotic symptoms. View Full-Text
Keywords: sense of agency; metacognition; virtual reality; psychosis; stress; bodily-self sense of agency; metacognition; virtual reality; psychosis; stress; bodily-self
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MDPI and ACS Style

Stern, Y.; Koren, D.; Moebus, R.; Panishev, G.; Salomon, R. Assessing the Relationship between Sense of Agency, the Bodily-Self and Stress: Four Virtual-Reality Experiments in Healthy Individuals. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092931

AMA Style

Stern Y, Koren D, Moebus R, Panishev G, Salomon R. Assessing the Relationship between Sense of Agency, the Bodily-Self and Stress: Four Virtual-Reality Experiments in Healthy Individuals. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092931

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stern, Yonatan, Danny Koren, Renana Moebus, Gabriella Panishev, and Roy Salomon. 2020. "Assessing the Relationship between Sense of Agency, the Bodily-Self and Stress: Four Virtual-Reality Experiments in Healthy Individuals" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092931

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