L-Arginine Modulates Neonatal Leukocyte Recruitment in a Gestational Age-Dependent Manner
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Sample Collection
2.2. Compliance with Ethical Standards
2.3. Isolation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)
2.4. Flow Chamber Experiments
2.5. Transmigration of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)
2.6. Flow Cytometry
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. The Response of L-Arginine Does Not Depend on Clinical Characteristics at Birth and Throughout Neonatal Development
3.3. Expression of Arginase 1 and iNOS Is not Ontogenetically Regulated
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Characteristics | Preterm Infants | Term Infants | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Day 1 | ||
n = 44 | n = 17 | ||
GA in weeks + days, mean ± SD | 30 + 6 ± 1 + 3 | 38 + 3 ± 1 + 5 | <0.0001 |
5 min APGAR, mean ± SD | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 9.4 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
10 min APGAR, mean ± SD | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
Male gender, n (%) | 29 (66) | 11 (65) | 0.714 |
Weight in g, mean ± SD | 1569 ± 355 | 3045 ± 464 | <0.0001 |
Head circumference in cm, mean ± SD | 28.8 ± 1.5 | 34.4 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 |
Body length in cm, mean ± SD | 41 ± 3 | 51 ± 3 | <0.0001 |
Nutrition, n (%) | |||
Breast milk exclusively | 23 (52) | 17 (100) | 0.0004 |
Formula supplementation | 21(48) | 0 | |
PROM, n (%) | 10 (23) | 0 | 0.032 |
Antibiotics, n (%) | 39 (89) | 0 | <0.0001 |
Laboratory parameters on admission | |||
Arterial pH, mean ± SD | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 0.483 |
CRP > 2 mg/L, n (%) | 1 (2) | 2 (12) | 0.124 |
WBC count/nL, mean ± SD | 10.1 ± 3.9 | 13.7 ± 4.9 | 0.004 |
I/T ratio > 0.25, n (%) | 2 (4) | 0 | 0.371 |
Flow Chamber, Adherence/mm2, Mean ± SD | Preterm Infants Day 1 n = 17 | Preterm Infants Day 28 n = 17 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-Arginine Responder n = 9 | L-Arginine Non-Responder n = 8 | p-Value | L-Arginine Responder n = 8 | L-Arginine Non-Responder n = 9 | p-Value | |
Uncoated | 4.3 ± 2.7 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | 0.990 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 0.999 |
Coated − L-arginin | 33.5 ± 9.4 | 14.3 ± 8.7 | 0.0001 | 36.7 ± 13.4 | 17.2 ± 12.0 | 0.001 |
Coated + L-arginin | 18.3 ± 9.6 | 16.4 ± 10.1 | 0.996 | 11.3 ± 8.8 | 15.5 ± 10.7 | 0.938 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||||
GA in weeks + days, mean ± SD | 216.4 ± 9.8 | 215.0 ± 9.1 | 0.759 | 222.1 ± 5.5 | 216.3 ± 9.6 | 0.154 |
APGAR 5′, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 0.947 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | 8.1 ± 0.8 | 0.565 |
APGAR 10′, mean ± SD | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 0.8 | 0.892 | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 8.8 ± 0.7 | 0.764 |
Male gender, n (%) | 6 (66.7) | 6 (75.0) | 0.707 | 4 (50.0) | 7 (77.8) | 0.232 |
Weight in g, mean ± SD | 1584.4 ± 367.9 | 1673.6 ± 173.5 | 0.541 | 2465.6 ± 263.8 | 2452.2 ± 315.9 | 0.926 |
Head circumference in cm, mean ± SD | 29.1 ± 1.7 | 28.9 ± 0.8 | 0.751 | 31.5 ± 1.5 | 33.3 ± 1.4 | 0.020 |
Body length in cm, mean ± SD | 41.4 ± 2.8 | 41.0 ± 2.3 | 0.735 | 45.0 ± 1.39 | 46.2 ± 2.6 | 0.247 |
Breast milk feeds, n (%) | 9 (100.0) | 7 (87.5) | 0.274 | 8 (100.0.) | 7 (77.8) | 0.156 |
PROM, n (%) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (25.0) | 0.893 | 3 (37.5) | 1 (11.1) | 0.200 |
Antibiotics, n (%) | 8 (89) | 7 (88) | 0.929 | 2 (25) | 2 (22) | 0.893 |
Birth mode, n (%) | ||||||
Vaginal spontanous | 2 (22.2) | 2 (25.0) | 0.893 | 2 (25.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0.453 |
Caesarean Section | 7 (77.8) | 6 (75.0) | 6 (75.0) | 8 (88.9) | ||
Laboratory parameters | ||||||
Arterial pH, mean ± SD | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 0.954 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 0.203 |
CRP > 2 mg/L, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 3 (37.5) | 4 (44.4) | 0.772 | |
WBC count/nL, mean ± SD | 11.4 ± 4.2 | 10.5 ± 5.0 | 0.573 | 9.3 ± 1.9 | 11.0 ± 2.7 | 0.159 |
I/T ratio > 0.25, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Fitterer, R.; Lajqi, T.; Kranig, S.A.; Braun, M.; Theissig, N.; Kuss, N.; Pöschl, J.; Frommhold, D.; Hudalla, H. L-Arginine Modulates Neonatal Leukocyte Recruitment in a Gestational Age-Dependent Manner. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092772
Fitterer R, Lajqi T, Kranig SA, Braun M, Theissig N, Kuss N, Pöschl J, Frommhold D, Hudalla H. L-Arginine Modulates Neonatal Leukocyte Recruitment in a Gestational Age-Dependent Manner. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092772
Chicago/Turabian StyleFitterer, Raphaela, Trim Lajqi, Simon Alexander Kranig, Maylis Braun, Nicole Theissig, Navina Kuss, Johannes Pöschl, David Frommhold, and Hannes Hudalla. 2020. "L-Arginine Modulates Neonatal Leukocyte Recruitment in a Gestational Age-Dependent Manner" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092772