A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of Self-Reported Adherence and Factors Associated with Analgesic Treatment in People with Chronic Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Recruitment
2.2. Sampling Methods
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Procedure and Instruments
2.5. Ethical Statement
2.6. Survey Structure
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Comparison of the Factors Related to Self-Reported Adherence among People with CP Taking Treatment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Whole Sample (n = 1066) n (%) | People with Chronic Pain (CP) (n = 251) n (%) | People with CP Taking Analgesic Treatment (n = 168) n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DATA | ||||
Age | 18–44 45–64 65 or more | 424 (39.8) 385 (36.1) 257 (24.1) | 72 (28.7) 105 (41.8) 74 (29.5) | 45 (26.8) 68 (40.5) 55 (32.7) |
Age | Mean (SD) | 51.6(16.5) | 55.9 (15.5) | 57.1 (15.6) |
Sex | Men Women | 456 (42.8) 610 (57.2) | 78 (31.1) 173 (68.9) | 40 (23.8) 128 (76.2) |
Education level | No education received Primary school Secondary school Vocational training University degree | 83 (7.8) 215 (20.3) 252 (23.8) 162 (15.3) 348 (32.8) | 31 (12.4) 73 (29.1) 54 (21.5) 42 (16.7) 51 (20.3) | 21 (12.5) 49 (29.2) 37 (22) 29 (17.3) 32 (19) |
Employment status | Unemployed Student Housewife/househusband Working Retired Partial disability Total disability | 147 (13.8) 54 (5.1) 125 (11.8) 484 (45.6) 240 (22.6) 6 (0.6) 6 (0.6) | 41 (16.4) 4 (1.6) 43 (17.2) 92 (36.8) 60 (24) 5 (2) 5 (2) | 29 (17.4) 3 (1.8) 34 (20.4) 57 (34.1) 39 (23.4) 2 (1.2) 3 (1.8) |
Financial difficulties | With great difficulty With difficulty With some difficulty With some ease With ease With great ease | 65 (6.2) 137 (13) 201 (19.1) 272 (25.9) 339 (32.3) 37 (3.5) | 30 (12) 45 (18.1) 60 (24.1) 59 (23.7) 53 (21.3) 2 (0.8) | 20 (12) 29 (17.4) 40 (24) 45 (26.9) 32 (19.2) 1 (0.6) |
Variables | Categories | Do you Take your Prescription as Indicated by the Doctor? | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO (n = 32; 19%) | YES (n = 136; 81%) | ||||
Social and economic factors | |||||
Age | 18–44 45–64 65 or more | 8 (25%) 16 (50%) 8 (25%) | 37 (27.2%) 52 (38.2%) 47 (34.6%) | 0.44 a | |
Sex | Men Women | 8 (25 %) 24 (75%) | 32 (23.5%) 104 (76.5%) | 0.86 a | |
Level of education | No education received Primary school Secondary school or vocational training University studies | 1 (3.1%) 10 (31.1%) 14 (43.8%) 7 (21.9%) | 20 (14.7%) 39 (28.7%) 52 (38.2%) 25 (18.4%) | 0.36 a | |
Employment status | Inactive Active Housewife/househusband Retired | 6 (18.8%) 17 (53.1%) 4 (12.5%) 5 (15.6%) | 28 (20.7%) 43 (31.9%) 30 (22.2%) 34 (25.2%) | 0.14 a | |
How difficult is it for you to make ends meet? | With great difficulty With some difficulty With ease | 9 (29%) 7 (22.6%) 15(48.4%) | 40 (29.4%) 33 (24.3%) 63 (46.3%) | 0.97 a | |
Condition-related factors | |||||
How long have you been suffering from this pain? (months) | Mean (SD) | 95.97 (98.21) (n = 31) | 118.14 (131.73) (n = 135) | 0.89 c | |
Have you been diagnosed with depression during the previous 12 months? | No Yes | 28 (87.5%) 4 (12.5%) | 109 (80.1%) 27 (19.9%) | 0.33 a | |
Have you been diagnosed with anxiety during the previous 12 months? | No Yes | 24 (75%) 8 (25%) | 99 (72.8%) 37 (27.2%) | 0.80 a | |
On a scale of 0 to 10, how would you rate the intensity of your chronic pain during the last week? | Mean (SD) | 6.47 (1.525) (n = 30) | 7.29 (1.67) (n = 127) | 0.015 c | |
Osteoporosis is the main diagnosed cause of the pain | No Yes | 32 (100%) 0 | 126 (93.3%) 9 (6.7%) | 0.047 b | |
Migraine is the main diagnosed cause of the pain | No Yes | 32 (100) 0 | 125 (92.6%) 10 (7.4%) | 0.036 b | |
Therapy-related factors | |||||
How long have you been taking the pain medication? (months) | Mean (SD) | 79.52 (93.75) (n = 29) | 89.91(117) (n = 124) | 0.874 c | |
Could you tell me which medication you have been prescribed for the pain? | NSAIDs (M01A) | No Yes | 10 (37.0%) 17 (63.0%) | 58 (48.3%) 62 (51.7%) | 0.287 a |
Antipyretic analgesics (N02B) | No Yes | 14 (51.9%) 13 (48.1%) | 72 (60.0%) 48 (40.0%) | 0.44 a | |
Opioids (N02A) | No Yes | 24 (88.9%) 3 (11.1%) | 89 (74.2%) 31 (25.8%) | 0.10 a | |
Antidepressant (N06A) | No Yes | 26 (96.3%) 1 (3.7%) | 114 (95.0%) 6 (5.0%) | 0.77 b | |
Antiepileptic (N03A) | No Yes | 26 (96.3%) 1 (3.7%) | 111 (92.5%) 9 (7.5%) | 0.45 b | |
Others (benzodiazepines, cortisone, etc.) | No Yes | 27 (100%) 0 (0%) | 98 (81.7%) 22 (18.3%) | 0.002 b | |
How many medications are you taking in total at the moment (not just for the pain)? | One Two or three Four or five More than five | 13 (43.3%) 12 (40%) 4 (13.3%) 1 (3.3%) | 26 (19.3%) 59 (43.7%) 23 (17%) 27 (20%) | 0.016 a | |
How do you take the pain medication? | Orally | No Yes | 0 (0%) 30 (100%) | 6 (4.4%) 130 (95.6%) | 0.118 b |
Injections | No Yes | 29 (96.7%) 1 (3.3%) | 112 (82.4%) 24 (17.6%) | 0.023 b | |
Patches | No Yes | 30 (100%) 0 (0%) | 125 (91.9%) 11 (8.1%) | 0.033 b | |
Has your pain improved as you expected with the treatment? | Less than expected As expected More than expected | 15 (48.4%) 12 (38.7%) 4 (12.9%) | 58 (42.6%) 55 (40.4%) 23 (16.9%) | 0.79 a | |
Patients that take medication for pain can easily become addicted to it | Disagree Somewhat agree Agree | 10 (32.3%) 4 (13.9%) 17 (54.8%) | 44 (33.3%) 39 (29.5%) 49 (37.1%) | 0.101 a | |
Medication used to treat pain leads to side effects | Disagree Somewhat agree Agree | 5 (16.1%) 6 (19.4%) 20 (64.5%) | 32 (23.7%) 36 (26.7%) 67 (49.6%) | 0.32 a | |
Patient-related factors | |||||
Do you ever forget to take your pain medicine? | No Yes | 21 (65.6%) 11 (34.4%) | 112 (82.4%) 24 (17.6%) | 0.036 a | |
Do you ever forget to take medications at the hours indicated? | No Yes | 20 (62.5%) 12 (37.5%) | 101 (74.3%) 35 (25.7%) | 0.18 a | |
If you ever feel better, do you stop taking the treatment? | No Yes | 5 (16.1%) 26 (83.9%) | 73 (53.7%) 63 (46.3%) | 0.000 a | |
If you ever feel bad, do you stop taking the treatment? | No Yes | 17 (54.8%) 14 (45.2) | 90 (66.7%) 45 (33.3%) | 0.21 a | |
If you ever feel more pain, do you take more medicine than prescribed? | No Yes | 26 (81.3%) 6 (18.8%) | 121 (89.0%) 15 (11.0%) | 0.26 b | |
Have you stopped taking the medication due to its price? | No Yes | 31 (96.9%) 1 (3.1%) | 126 (92.6%) 10 (7.4%) | 0.35 b | |
Have you skipped a dose so that the medication lasts longer? | No Yes | 29 (90.6%) 3 (9.4%) | 129 (94.9%) 7 (5.1%) | 0.39 b | |
In general, you would say your health is… | Excellent or very good Good Normal Bad | 0 (0 %) 17 (53.1%) 12 (37.5%) 3 (9.4%) | 8 (5.9%) 58 (42.6%) 51 (37.5%) 19 (14.0%) | 0.22 b | |
Healthcare professional- and family-related factors | |||||
The information that your doctor has given you about your treatment for pain was… | Very good or good Acceptable Bad or very bad | 16 (50%) 12 (37.5%) 4 (12.5%) | 84 (61.8%) 43 (31.6%) 9 (6.6%) | 0.36 a | |
The attention provided by your doctor regarding your pain was… | Very good or good Acceptable Bad or very bad | 16 (50%) 10 (31.3%) 6 (18.8%) | 103 (75.7%) 21 (15.4%) 12 (8.8%) | 0.016 a | |
Are you satisfied with the help received from your family for your pain? | Unsatisfied Satisfied Very satisfied | 8 (25%) 15 (46.9%) 9 (28.1%) | 41 (30.1%) 66 (48.5%) 29 (21.3%) | 0.68 a | |
Do you have a relative that reminds you to take your medication? | No Yes | 25 (78.1%) 7 (21.9%) | 103 (75.7%) 33 (24.3%) | 0.77 a |
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Ortega-Jiménez, P.; De Sola, H.; Salazar, A.; Dueñas, M.; Del Reguero, L.; Failde, I. A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of Self-Reported Adherence and Factors Associated with Analgesic Treatment in People with Chronic Pain. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113666
Ortega-Jiménez P, De Sola H, Salazar A, Dueñas M, Del Reguero L, Failde I. A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of Self-Reported Adherence and Factors Associated with Analgesic Treatment in People with Chronic Pain. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(11):3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113666
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtega-Jiménez, Patricia, Helena De Sola, Alejandro Salazar, María Dueñas, Leticia Del Reguero, and Inmaculada Failde. 2020. "A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of Self-Reported Adherence and Factors Associated with Analgesic Treatment in People with Chronic Pain" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11: 3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113666