Virtual Reality Exercise for Anxiety and Depression: A Preliminary Review of Current Research in an Emerging Field
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Information Sources and Search Strategies
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Quality and Risk of Bias Assessment
3.4. Key Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Articles | Randomization | Control | Pre-Post | Retention | Missing Data | Power Analysis | Validity Measure | Follow-Up | Score | Effectiveness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee et al. [24] | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | 6 | Yes |
Monteiro-Junior et al. [25] | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | 7 | No |
Chen et al. [26] | − | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | 4 | Yes |
Plante et al. [27] | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | 4 | Yes |
Plante et al. [28] | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | 4 | Yes |
Study Description | Design/Sample | Type | Outcomes/Instrument | Exposure | Duration | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen et al. [26] 2009, Taiwan | Quasi-experiment; N = 30 Patients suffering from spinal-cord injury; Intervention (n = 15, Mage = 51.3, SD = 15.8); Control (n = 15, Mage = 45.4, SD = 14.24) | VR-based exercise bike | Mood states were assessed via Activation–Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL) | Rehabilitation therapy with a VR-based exercise bike Vs. same therapy without VR | Not applicable | A virtual-reality-based rehabilitation program can ease patients’ tension and induce calm |
Lee et al. [24] 2015, Korea | Randomized controlled trial (RCT); N = 54; Intervention (n = 26, Mage = 68.7, SD = 4.6); Control (n = 28, Mage = 67.7, SD = 4.3) | Individualized feedback-based VR exercise | Psychological outcomes were measured via Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) | Individualized feedback-based VR exercise Vs. group-based exercise | a 60-min intervention three times a week for eight weeks. | Individualized feedback-based virtual reality group (IFVRG) showed greater improvement in mental health (increased social functioning and decreased depression) |
Monteiro-Junior et al. [25] 2017, Brazil | RCT; N = 70 older adults; Intervention (n = 29, Mage = 85, SD = 8); Control (n = 41, Mage = 86, SD = 5) | VR-based physical exercise | Depressive symptoms were assessed via Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | Exercises with VR stimulation Vs. same exercises without VR stimulation | 30–45 min/session, 12–16 sessions twice a week | There was no significant difference between groups in depressive symptoms |
Plante et al. [27] 2003, USA | Cross-sectional; N = 154 (102 females) students were assigned to 4 different conditions | VR with walking on treadmill | Mood states were assessed via AD-ACL, including energy, calmness, tension, and tiredness | Brisk outdoor walk Vs. VR with walking on treadmill Vs. Walking on the treadmill without VR Vs. VR without exercise | 4 × 20-min experiments | VR may enhance energy and reduce tiredness and tension when paired with actual exercise |
Plante et al. [28] 2003, USA | Cross-sectional; N = 88 (44 females, Mage = 38.1, SD = 12.31) university faculty and staff s were assigned to 3 different conditions | VR in combination with stationary bike | Mood states were assessed via AD-ACL, including energy, calmness, tension, and tiredness | Stationary bicycling at a moderate intensity (60–70% maximum heart rate) Vs. VR-based bicycle game without actual exercise Vs. (3) VR-based stationary bike at moderate intensity | 3 × 30-min experiments | VR when paired with exercise enhances enjoyment, energy, and reduces tiredness. Notably, VR without exercise was found to increase tension, tiredness, and lower energy level |
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Zeng, N.; Pope, Z.; Lee, J.E.; Gao, Z. Virtual Reality Exercise for Anxiety and Depression: A Preliminary Review of Current Research in an Emerging Field. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7030042
Zeng N, Pope Z, Lee JE, Gao Z. Virtual Reality Exercise for Anxiety and Depression: A Preliminary Review of Current Research in an Emerging Field. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(3):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7030042
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Nan, Zachary Pope, Jung Eun Lee, and Zan Gao. 2018. "Virtual Reality Exercise for Anxiety and Depression: A Preliminary Review of Current Research in an Emerging Field" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 3: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7030042