Robotic Gastrointestinal Surgery Compared to Conventional Approaches: An Umbrella Review of Clinical and Economic Outcomes

Background/Objectives: Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) has emerged as a technological advancement in gastrointestinal (GI) procedures, addressing limitations of conventional laparoscopy through enhanced dexterity, three-dimensional visualization, and ergonomic improvements. While its clinical use is expanding, the comparative benefits and cost-effectiveness of RAS across different GI domains remain unclear. Methods: An umbrella review was conducted to evaluate RAS across six GI domains: esophageal, gastric, liver, biliary, pancreatic, and colorectal. A systematic literature search of PubMed was performed in April 2025, yielding 8961 articles. Reviews published in English since 2018 and comparing RAS with laparoscopic or open approaches in human GI surgery were eligible. A total of 250 articles met the inclusion criteria. Data on technical feasibility, clinical outcomes, and cost-effectiveness were extracted. Methodological quality was appraised using the AMSTAR 2 checklist. Results were synthesized narratively. The study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251042541). Results: RAS demonstrated domain-specific advantages. Esophageal and gastric surgeries benefited from enhanced precision and lymphadenectomy, while long-term outcomes were comparable to laparoscopy. Robotic liver and biliary surgeries offered technical advantages in complex cases, but evidence was limited. The most significant clinical benefits were observed in pancreatic and colorectal procedures, in which RAS reduced conversion rates and improved short-term outcomes in anatomically challenging scenarios. Cost-effectiveness was generally unfavorable but showed improvement in high-volume centers due to reduced complications and shorter hospital stays. Conclusions: Robotic assistance provides the most consistent clinical benefit in pancreatic and colorectal surgery, especially for complex, high-risk cases. While high procedural costs remain a barrier, selective use of RAS in appropriate settings may yield improved outcomes. These findings support the need for ongoing evaluation of cost-effectiveness and long-term results to guide evidence-based integration of robotics into GI surgery.