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Volume 14
Issue 22
10.3390/jcm14228251
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effects of Subcutaneous Administration of Glucocorticoids by Pellets on a Mouse Model of Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease

by
Rintaro Kato
1,
Takuma Sato
1,
Shunsuke Kako
2,
Masako Tabuchi
1,*,
Yuki Aoki
1,
Kai Kataoka
1,
Sho Okuni
1,
Yoshihiko Sugita
3,
Hatsuhiko Maeda
3 and
Ken Miyazawa
1
1
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
2
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
3
Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228251
Submission received: 24 October 2025 / Revised: 14 November 2025 / Accepted: 18 November 2025 / Published: 20 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Periodontitis and Other Periodontal Diseases)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objective: Glucocorticoids (GC) have anti-inflammatory effects, but long-term use can suppress bone formation and cause osteoporosis. The impact of inflammatory environments, such as periodontitis, on alveolar bone metabolism remains insufficiently understood. Methods: We used wild-type (C57BL/6J, n = 47) mice to compare glucocorticoid (GC) effects with and without sustained-release GC pellets. Mice were divided into GC-administered (2 weeks: n = 8; 4 weeks: n = 8; 8 weeks: n = 7) and non-GC-administered groups (2 weeks: n = 8; 4 weeks: n = 8; 8 weeks: n = 8). A ligature wire was placed around the left first molar of all mice to induce periodontal disease, while the right first molar served as a control. Femur and alveolar bone changes were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks using μCT, HE staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and immunohistochemistry (TNF-α). Anonymized evaluators performed histological analyses, and statistical analyses. One-way ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test and t tests. Results: GC administration significantly reduced femoral bone mass at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. In mice without ligature, GC administration did not significantly affect alveolar bone mass or osteoblast number at 2 or 4 weeks, but a reduction was noted at 8 weeks post-treatment. No significant differences in osteoclast numbers or TNF-α levels were observed after GC administration. In a periodontal disease mouse model, GC administration led to greater bone loss, fewer osteoblasts, and increased osteoclasts and TNF-α levels. Conclusions: GC use in periodontal disease risks abnormal bone metabolism and progressive alveolar bone resorption.
Keywords: glucocorticoids; periodontitis; osteoblasts; osteoclasts glucocorticoids; periodontitis; osteoblasts; osteoclasts

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kato, R.; Sato, T.; Kako, S.; Tabuchi, M.; Aoki, Y.; Kataoka, K.; Okuni, S.; Sugita, Y.; Maeda, H.; Miyazawa, K. Effects of Subcutaneous Administration of Glucocorticoids by Pellets on a Mouse Model of Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 8251. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228251

AMA Style

Kato R, Sato T, Kako S, Tabuchi M, Aoki Y, Kataoka K, Okuni S, Sugita Y, Maeda H, Miyazawa K. Effects of Subcutaneous Administration of Glucocorticoids by Pellets on a Mouse Model of Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(22):8251. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228251

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kato, Rintaro, Takuma Sato, Shunsuke Kako, Masako Tabuchi, Yuki Aoki, Kai Kataoka, Sho Okuni, Yoshihiko Sugita, Hatsuhiko Maeda, and Ken Miyazawa. 2025. "Effects of Subcutaneous Administration of Glucocorticoids by Pellets on a Mouse Model of Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 22: 8251. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228251

APA Style

Kato, R., Sato, T., Kako, S., Tabuchi, M., Aoki, Y., Kataoka, K., Okuni, S., Sugita, Y., Maeda, H., & Miyazawa, K. (2025). Effects of Subcutaneous Administration of Glucocorticoids by Pellets on a Mouse Model of Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(22), 8251. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228251

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