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Article

Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Hospital Located at High Altitude

by
Vladimir E. Ullauri-Solórzano
1,
Christian Humberto Fierro Renoy
1,
Juan Carlos Gaibor Barba
1,
Diana Moreira-Vera
1,
Henrry Oswaldo Jaramillo Prado
1,
Ana Gabriela Finke Barriga
1,
Víctor Arias Adriano
1,
Francisco Xavier Castro Vega
1,
Ana Cristina Chiliquinga
1,
Kateherine Fonte Melendres
1,
Luis Felipe Varela Pólit
1,
Estefanía Chediak Pérez
1,
Paulina Elizabeth Arteaga Yépez
1,
Luis Alberto Paucar Rojas
1,
Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy
2,
Jorge Vasconez-Gonzalez
2 and
Esteban Ortiz-Prado
2,*
1
Hospital Metropolitano de Quito, Quito 170521, Ecuador
2
One Health Research Group, Universidad de las Americas, Quito 170137, Ecuador
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(17), 6232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176232
Submission received: 13 April 2025 / Revised: 15 August 2025 / Accepted: 1 September 2025 / Published: 3 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Diagnosis to Treatment)
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Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of death, responsible for 17.9 million deaths annually (32%) as of 2019. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) significantly contributes to this burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Latin America, ACS accounts for 35% of deaths. In Ecuador, 36,058 deaths were reported between 2019 and 2021, underscoring its significant public health impact. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and hospital management characteristics of ACS patients admitted to the Metropolitan Hospital of Quito, located at high altitude, from January 2021 to October 2023. Methodology: A retrospective observational study analyzed anonymized medical records of 133 ACS patients treated at a tertiary care hospital in Quito. Results: Among 133 ACS patients, 72.9% were male, with a mean age of 68.9 ± 13.9 years. Overweight was prevalent, with a mean BMI of 26.6 ± 3.0 kg/m2. Hypertension (51.9%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (26.3%) were common comorbidities. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was the most frequent ACS type (48.9%), followed by non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (33.8%). Most patients (72.2%) underwent stent placement. Mortality was low (2.3%) and significantly associated with the presence of immunologic diseases (p = 0.015), TIMI risk score Grade IV (p = 0.009), and cardiac arrest on admission (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides critical insights into the epidemiology and management of ACS in a high-altitude urban setting, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis and evidence-based therapies in improving patient outcomes.
Keywords: acute coronary syndrome; STEMI; NSTEMI; cardiovascular diseases; hospital management; high altitude acute coronary syndrome; STEMI; NSTEMI; cardiovascular diseases; hospital management; high altitude
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ullauri-Solórzano, V.E.; Fierro Renoy, C.H.; Gaibor Barba, J.C.; Moreira-Vera, D.; Jaramillo Prado, H.O.; Finke Barriga, A.G.; Arias Adriano, V.; Castro Vega, F.X.; Chiliquinga, A.C.; Fonte Melendres, K.; et al. Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Hospital Located at High Altitude. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176232

AMA Style

Ullauri-Solórzano VE, Fierro Renoy CH, Gaibor Barba JC, Moreira-Vera D, Jaramillo Prado HO, Finke Barriga AG, Arias Adriano V, Castro Vega FX, Chiliquinga AC, Fonte Melendres K, et al. Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Hospital Located at High Altitude. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(17):6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176232

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ullauri-Solórzano, Vladimir E., Christian Humberto Fierro Renoy, Juan Carlos Gaibor Barba, Diana Moreira-Vera, Henrry Oswaldo Jaramillo Prado, Ana Gabriela Finke Barriga, Víctor Arias Adriano, Francisco Xavier Castro Vega, Ana Cristina Chiliquinga, Kateherine Fonte Melendres, and et al. 2025. "Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Hospital Located at High Altitude" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 17: 6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176232

APA Style

Ullauri-Solórzano, V. E., Fierro Renoy, C. H., Gaibor Barba, J. C., Moreira-Vera, D., Jaramillo Prado, H. O., Finke Barriga, A. G., Arias Adriano, V., Castro Vega, F. X., Chiliquinga, A. C., Fonte Melendres, K., Varela Pólit, L. F., Chediak Pérez, E., Arteaga Yépez, P. E., Paucar Rojas, L. A., Izquierdo-Condoy, J. S., Vasconez-Gonzalez, J., & Ortiz-Prado, E. (2025). Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Hospital Located at High Altitude. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(17), 6232. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176232

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