Prevalence of Various Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmune Markers in Addison’s Disease Patients Compared to Healthy Controls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Study Protocol and Laboratory Investigations
2.3. Immunological Assays
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Autoimmune Markers for Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases
4.2. Organ-Specific Autoimmune Markers
4.3. Treatment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Healthy Controls n = 31 | Addison Disease n = 43 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.61 ± 12.91 | 52.09 ± 12.76 | 0.075 |
Sex (number of females; %) | 23 (74%) | 35 (81%) | 0.461 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.61 ± 3.71 | 24.14 ± 4.48 | 0.626 |
Systolic blood (mmHg) | 111.8 ± 15.80 | 112.2 ± 14.21 | 0.905 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71.06 ± 6.91 | 73.70 ± 9.49 | 0.171 |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.33 ± 0.44 | 5.46 ± 1.39 | 0.578 |
K (mmol/L) | 4.74 ± 0.40 | 4.81 ± 0.88 | 0.660 |
Na (mmol/L) | 146.5 ± 2.02 | 142.1 ± 7.68 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 68.27 ± 13.06 | 75.74 ± 15.75 | 0.029 |
ACTH (pmol/L) | 3.66 ± 1.52 | 140.79 ± 173.10 | <0.001 |
TSH (µIU/mL) | 2.06 ± 0.98 | 5.08 ± 7.75 | 0.017 |
Mean prednisolone dose (mg) * | - | 6.88 ± 2.17 | NA |
Fludrocortisone therapy (%) | - | 81.4% | NA |
Autoimmune Disease | Healthy Controls n = 31 | Addison Disease n = 43 |
---|---|---|
Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 0 (0%) | 4 (9.30%) |
Autoimmune thyroid disease | 6 (19.35%) | 29 (67.44%) |
Vitiligo | 0 (0%) | 5 (11.63%) |
Alopecia | 0 (0%) | 3 (6.98%) |
Hypoparathyroidism | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.32%) |
Pernicious anemia | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.65%) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 0 (0%) | 3 (6.98%) |
Parameter | Healthy Controls n = 31 | Addison Disease n = 43 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
21OHAbs (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 31 (72.09%) | <0.001 |
CCPAbs (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.65%) | 0.506 |
ANAs (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 6 (13.95%) | 0.037 |
RFs (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 12 (27.91%) | <0.001 |
ACLAbs (n, %) * | 9 (29.03%) | 23 (53.49%) | 0.056 |
Antiβ2-GPIAbs (n, %) * | 1 (3.23%) | 3 (6.98%) | 0.635 |
GADAbs (n, %) | 1 (3.23%) | 8 (18.60%) | 0.070 |
ZnT8Abs (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - |
TPOAbs (n, %) | (4) 12.9% | (14) 32.56% | 0.060 |
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Feyzullova, A.; Kirilov, G.; Elenkova, A.; Tanev, D.; Kalinov, K.; Zacharieva, S.; Robeva, R. Prevalence of Various Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmune Markers in Addison’s Disease Patients Compared to Healthy Controls. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 3951. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113951
Feyzullova A, Kirilov G, Elenkova A, Tanev D, Kalinov K, Zacharieva S, Robeva R. Prevalence of Various Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmune Markers in Addison’s Disease Patients Compared to Healthy Controls. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(11):3951. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113951
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeyzullova, Aylin, Georgi Kirilov, Atanaska Elenkova, Dobromir Tanev, Krassimir Kalinov, Sabina Zacharieva, and Ralitsa Robeva. 2025. "Prevalence of Various Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmune Markers in Addison’s Disease Patients Compared to Healthy Controls" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 11: 3951. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113951
APA StyleFeyzullova, A., Kirilov, G., Elenkova, A., Tanev, D., Kalinov, K., Zacharieva, S., & Robeva, R. (2025). Prevalence of Various Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmune Markers in Addison’s Disease Patients Compared to Healthy Controls. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(11), 3951. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113951