The Impact of Maternal Education on Neonatal Outcomes in Preeclamptic Pregnancies from a Low-Resource Settings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Maternal Education Levels
3.3. Neonatal Outcomes
3.3.1. Fetal Birth Weight
3.3.2. Gestational Age
3.3.3. APGAR Scores
3.3.4. Low Birth Weight and Fetal Growth Restriction
3.3.5. Statistical Modelling
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Existing Literature
4.2. Potential Mechanisms and Explanations
4.3. Health Literacy, Access to Care, and Health Behaviors
4.4. Clinical and Public Health Implications
4.5. Limitations and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACOG | American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |
AUC | Area Under the Curve |
APGAR | Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration |
CC BY | Creative Commons Attribution License |
CI | Confidence Interval |
CONSORT | Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials |
DOAJ | Directory of Open Access Journals |
FGR | Fetal Growth Restriction |
ISCED | International Standard Classification of Education |
LD | Linear Dichroism |
MDPI | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
OR | Odds Ratio |
ROC | Receiver Operating Characteristic |
SD | Standard deviation |
sFlt-1 | Soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1 |
SPSS | Statistical Package for the Social Sciences |
TNF-α | Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha |
TLA | Three-Letter Acronym |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Variable | Preeclampsia | Control | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Range | Mean | Range | ||
Gestational age (weeks) | 34 | 26–40 | 38 | 34–41 | <0.001 |
Age of mother (years) | 29.26 | 18–45 | 29.05 | 18–45 | 0.640 |
Number of conceptions | 2.45 | 1–5 | 2.61 | 1–6 | 0.170 |
Number of viable fetuses carried | 1.72 | 1–4 | 2.04 | 1–6 | 0.002 |
Fetus Weight (grams) | 2806 | 690–4960 | 3175 | 1700–4890 | <0.001 |
Fetus length (cm) | 45.5 | 36.0–52.5 | 50.0 | 45.0–53.5 | <0.001 |
Fetal head circumference | 31.5 | 25.5–35.0 | 35.5 | 32.5–36.5 | <0.001 |
Fetal abdominal circumference | 30.5 | 21.5–37.5 | 35.5 | 32.5–39.5 | <0.001 |
APGAR index | 7.6 | 4–10 | 9.2 | 7–10 | <0.001 |
Education Category (ISCED 1–6) | 3.32 | 1–6 | 3.23 | 1–6 | 0.450 |
Education Level (ISCED) | Group | N | Mean (Grams) | SD (Grams) | Min (Grams) | Max (Grams) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISCED 1–2 (Low) | Overall | 293 | 2990 | 667 | 1124 | 4896 |
Preeclampsia | 153 | 2831 | 739 | 1124 | 4766 | |
Control | 140 | 3164 | 528 | 1700 | 4896 | |
ISCED 3–4 (Medium) | Overall | 198 | 3028 | 738 | 970 | 4967 |
Preeclampsia | 86 | 2828 | 941 | 970 | 4967 | |
Control | 112 | 3181 | 482 | 1871 | 4050 | |
ISCED 5–6 (High) | Overall | 183 | 2963 | 738 | 690 | 4394 |
Preeclampsia | 85 | 2710 | 954 | 690 | 4394 | |
Control | 98 | 3182 | 357 | 2318 | 4081 |
Education Level (ISCED) | Group | N | Mean (Weeks) | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISCED 1–2 (Low) | Overall | 293 | 35.67 | 4.20 | 26 | 41 |
Preeclampsia | 153 | 33.49 | 4.46 | 26 | 40 | |
Control | 140 | 38.04 | 2.09 | 34 | 41 | |
ISCED 3–4 (Medium) | Overall | 198 | 36.70 | 3.44 | 26 | 41 |
Preeclampsia | 86 | 34.78 | 4.06 | 26 | 40 | |
Control | 112 | 38.18 | 1.82 | 34 | 41 | |
ISCED 5–6 (High) | Overall | 183 | 36.97 | 3.30 | 26 | 41 |
Preeclampsia | 85 | 35.14 | 3.85 | 26 | 40 | |
Control | 98 | 38.55 | 1.45 | 34 | 41 |
Education Level (ISCED) | Group | N | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISCED 1–2 (Low) | Overall | 293 | 8.35 | 2.04 | 4 | 10 |
Preeclampsia | 153 | 7.82 | 2.04 | 4 | 10 | |
Control | 140 | 8.94 | 0.78 | 8 | 10 | |
ISCED 3–4 (Medium) | Overall | 198 | 8.85 | 1.18 | 4 | 10 |
Preeclampsia | 86 | 8.38 | 1.39 | 4 | 10 | |
Control | 112 | 9.21 | 0.82 | 8 | 10 | |
ISCED 5–6 (High) | Overall | 183 | 9.11 | 1.21 | 4 | 10 |
Preeclampsia | 85 | 8.61 | 1.49 | 4 | 10 | |
Control | 98 | 9.54 | 0.66 | 8 | 10 |
Variable | Overall Population (p-Value) | Preeclampsia Group (p-Value) | Control Group (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|
Birth Weight | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.943 |
Gestational Age | 0.0003 | 0.0067 | 0.107 |
APGAR Score | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.0018 |
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Buciu, V.B.; Șerban, D.M.; Olariu, S.; Novacescu, D.; Cîtu, C.; Ciurescu, S.; Tomescu, L.; Rațiu, A.C.; Sas, I.; Ionac, M.; et al. The Impact of Maternal Education on Neonatal Outcomes in Preeclamptic Pregnancies from a Low-Resource Settings. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 3937. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113937
Buciu VB, Șerban DM, Olariu S, Novacescu D, Cîtu C, Ciurescu S, Tomescu L, Rațiu AC, Sas I, Ionac M, et al. The Impact of Maternal Education on Neonatal Outcomes in Preeclamptic Pregnancies from a Low-Resource Settings. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(11):3937. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113937
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuciu, Victor Bogdan, Denis Mihai Șerban, Sebastian Olariu, Dorin Novacescu, Cosmin Cîtu, Sebastian Ciurescu, Larisa Tomescu, Adrian Claudiu Rațiu, Ioan Sas, Mihai Ionac, and et al. 2025. "The Impact of Maternal Education on Neonatal Outcomes in Preeclamptic Pregnancies from a Low-Resource Settings" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 11: 3937. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113937
APA StyleBuciu, V. B., Șerban, D. M., Olariu, S., Novacescu, D., Cîtu, C., Ciurescu, S., Tomescu, L., Rațiu, A. C., Sas, I., Ionac, M., & Chiriac, V.-D. (2025). The Impact of Maternal Education on Neonatal Outcomes in Preeclamptic Pregnancies from a Low-Resource Settings. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(11), 3937. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113937