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Volume 14
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10.3390/jcm14113736
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months

by
Agustín Sancho-Saldaña
1,2,
Anna Gil-Sánchez
2,
Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez
3,4,
Marc Boigues
3,
Marc Canudes
2,
Silvia Peralta
1,2,
María José Solana
1,2,
Cristina González-Mingot
1,2,5,
Laura Quibus
2,
Eva Martínez-Cáceres
3,4,
Pascual Torres
2,6,
José Vicente Hervás
7,
Judith Moreno-Magallon
2 and
Luis Brieva
1,2,5,*
1
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain
2
Servicio de Neuroinmunología, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
3
Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
4
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
5
Department of medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain
6
Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain
7
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital de Sant Joan Despí Moisés Broggi, 08970 Barcelona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(11), 3736; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113736
Submission received: 26 March 2025 / Revised: 8 May 2025 / Accepted: 18 May 2025 / Published: 26 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Neurology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may exhibit altered immune responses to infections such as SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to characterize the cytokine profiles associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify immune markers related to the persistence of the humoral response in pwMS. Methods: A total of 90 pwMS were recruited before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination in Spain; 46 were seropositive—defined by the presence of IgG, IgM, or IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2—and 44 were seronegative. We compared baseline cytokine levels between groups and followed seropositive individuals for six months to assess IgG antibody persistence. Results: Seropositive patients showed significantly lower baseline levels of IL-10, IL-23, and IFN-α compared to seronegative individuals. Notably, elevated IL-18 at baseline was associated with persistent IgG seropositivity at six months. Conclusions: These findings suggest a distinct cytokine profile in SARS-CoV-2–exposed pwMS and highlight IL-18 as a potential marker of sustained humoral response. This study provides insight into host-virus immune dynamics in MS patients and may help guide future strategies for infection monitoring and immune evaluation in this population.
Keywords: multiple sclerosis; SARS-CoV-2; cytokines; seropositivity; IL-18; disease-modifying therapies multiple sclerosis; SARS-CoV-2; cytokines; seropositivity; IL-18; disease-modifying therapies

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sancho-Saldaña, A.; Gil-Sánchez, A.; Quirant-Sánchez, B.; Boigues, M.; Canudes, M.; Peralta, S.; Solana, M.J.; González-Mingot, C.; Quibus, L.; Martínez-Cáceres, E.; et al. Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 3736. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113736

AMA Style

Sancho-Saldaña A, Gil-Sánchez A, Quirant-Sánchez B, Boigues M, Canudes M, Peralta S, Solana MJ, González-Mingot C, Quibus L, Martínez-Cáceres E, et al. Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(11):3736. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113736

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sancho-Saldaña, Agustín, Anna Gil-Sánchez, Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez, Marc Boigues, Marc Canudes, Silvia Peralta, María José Solana, Cristina González-Mingot, Laura Quibus, Eva Martínez-Cáceres, and et al. 2025. "Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 11: 3736. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113736

APA Style

Sancho-Saldaña, A., Gil-Sánchez, A., Quirant-Sánchez, B., Boigues, M., Canudes, M., Peralta, S., Solana, M. J., González-Mingot, C., Quibus, L., Martínez-Cáceres, E., Torres, P., Hervás, J. V., Moreno-Magallon, J., & Brieva, L. (2025). Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(11), 3736. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113736

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