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Volume 12
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10.3390/jcm12082924
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Article

Impact of Age and Sex Interaction on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: An Italian Cohort Study on Adults and Children

by
Matteo Puntoni
1,*,
Susanna Esposito
2,
Laura Patrizi
1,
Chiara Maria Palo
1,
Michela Deolmi
2,
Giovanni Autore
2,
Valentina Fainardi
2,
Caterina Caminiti
1 and
on behalf of the University Hospital of Parma LONG-COVID Research Team
†
1
Clinical & Epidemiological Research Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
2
Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, University Hospital of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
A list of members of the University Hospital of Parma LONG-COVID Research Team can be found in the Acknowledgements section.
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(8), 2924; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082924
Submission received: 10 March 2023 / Revised: 30 March 2023 / Accepted: 9 April 2023 / Published: 18 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19: Clinical Advances and Challenges)
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Abstract

Identifying factors predisposing individuals to post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) would allow for the timely treatment of those vulnerable. Attention on the role of sex and age is growing, but published studies have shown mixed results. Our objective was to estimate the effect modification of age on sex as a risk factor for PASC. We analyzed data from two longitudinal prospective cohort studies on adult and pediatric subjects positive to SARS-CoV-2 infection that were enrolled between May 2021 and September 2022. Age classes (≤5, 6–11, 12–50, >50 years) were based on the potential role of sex hormones on inflammatory/immune and autoimmune processes. A total of 452 adults and 925 children were analyzed: 46% were female and 42% were adults. After a median follow-up of 7.8 months (IQR: 5.0 to 9.0), 62% of children and 85% of adults reported at least one symptom. Sex and age alone were not significantly associated to PASC, but their interaction was statistically significant (p-value = 0.024): the risk was higher for males aged 0–5 (females vs. males HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.45–0.91, p = 0.012) and for females aged 12–50 (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04–1.86, p = 0.025), especially those in the cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal and sleep categories. Further research on PASC with regard to sex and age is warranted.
Keywords: post-acute sequelae; COVID-19; sex hormones; age post-acute sequelae; COVID-19; sex hormones; age

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MDPI and ACS Style

Puntoni, M.; Esposito, S.; Patrizi, L.; Palo, C.M.; Deolmi, M.; Autore, G.; Fainardi, V.; Caminiti, C.; on behalf of the University Hospital of Parma LONG-COVID Research Team. Impact of Age and Sex Interaction on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: An Italian Cohort Study on Adults and Children. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082924

AMA Style

Puntoni M, Esposito S, Patrizi L, Palo CM, Deolmi M, Autore G, Fainardi V, Caminiti C, on behalf of the University Hospital of Parma LONG-COVID Research Team. Impact of Age and Sex Interaction on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: An Italian Cohort Study on Adults and Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(8):2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082924

Chicago/Turabian Style

Puntoni, Matteo, Susanna Esposito, Laura Patrizi, Chiara Maria Palo, Michela Deolmi, Giovanni Autore, Valentina Fainardi, Caterina Caminiti, and on behalf of the University Hospital of Parma LONG-COVID Research Team. 2023. "Impact of Age and Sex Interaction on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: An Italian Cohort Study on Adults and Children" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 8: 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082924

APA Style

Puntoni, M., Esposito, S., Patrizi, L., Palo, C. M., Deolmi, M., Autore, G., Fainardi, V., Caminiti, C., & on behalf of the University Hospital of Parma LONG-COVID Research Team. (2023). Impact of Age and Sex Interaction on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: An Italian Cohort Study on Adults and Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(8), 2924. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082924

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