Next Article in Journal
Attitudes of Asian and Polish Adolescents towards the Use of Ecological Innovations in CPR Training
Next Article in Special Issue
Articular Cartilage Reconstruction with Hyaluronate-Based Scaffold Significantly Decreases Pain and Improves Patient’s Functioning
Previous Article in Journal
Fracture of the Lumbar Spine Associated with Ureteral Injury Mimicking Spondylodiscitis Followed by Cervical Spine Fracture in Patient with Ankylosing Hyperostosis
Previous Article in Special Issue
Osteoarthritis: The Most Common Joint Disease and Outcome of Sports Injury
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
JCM
Volume 12
Issue 21
10.3390/jcm12216938
jcm-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

How Does Age Affect Injury Characteristics in Young Elite Footballers?—A Prospective Cohort Study of a German Youth Academy

by
Johannes Weishorn
1,
Ayham Jaber
1,
Raphael Trefzer
1,
Severin Zietzschmann
1,
Ralph Kern
2,3,
Jan Spielmann
4,
Tobias Renkawitz
1 and
Yannic Bangert
1,3,*
1
Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
2
Ethianum Heidelberg, Fehrentzstrasse 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
3
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fußball-Spielbetriebs GmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany
4
TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(21), 6938; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216938
Submission received: 19 October 2023 / Revised: 26 October 2023 / Accepted: 3 November 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Joint Disease and Sport Medicine)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Background: Little is known about age-related changes in injury characteristics and burden, and existing data are inconsistent, highlighting the need for new studies on this topic. This study aimed to describe age-related injury risk, severity and burden in a German elite youth football academy. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 2012/2013 season, reporting 109 time-loss injuries among 138 young athletes playing at an elite football academy in Germany. For the most severe injuries, the injury burden in the different age groups was considered separately. Results: Athletes missed a total of 2536 days of exposure, resulting in an overall incidence of 2.6 per 1000 h (1.7–3.0; 95% CI) and a burden of 60.6 days lost per 1000 h (40.8–80.3; 95% CI). The incidence and burden of joint sprains and muscle injuries were higher in the older age groups. Physeal injuries peaked in the U14 age group during the pubertal growth spurt. Bone injuries and contusions showed no age trend. Conclusion: Injury characteristics vary with age. The overall incidence, severity and burden of injuries increased with the age of the athletes. To ensure the optimal development of young athletes, it is important to be aware of the differences in injury susceptibility between age groups in order to implement tailored prevention programmes.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Injuries in youth football (soccer) lead to limited participation in training and competition, making injury prevention a key element in improving the development and performance of young athletes [1]. To achieve this goal, a thorough understanding of injury characteristics is important in order to identify potential causes of injury and to take preventive interventions [2]. The lack of knowledge about effective and safe training management of adolescent athletes contributes to their unnecessary exposure to high risk of injury [3].
The general patterns of injury in elite male youth football players and their adult counterparts appear to be consistent, especially in older athletes, but age-specific trends during the developmental process are poorly described [1,4]. The body of young athletes undergoes an individual dynamic process during puberty, characterised by vulnerable structures and periods of rapid growth [5,6]. This is one proposed explanation for the increased rates of growth-related injuries and the greater injury burden observed during the period when height and weight typically change the most [7,8,9,10,11,12]. Reduced bone mineral density, neuromuscular deficits, increased tension on muscle attachments, and increased training and match loads in youth football academies are also discussed in this context [13,14].
Due to methodological inconsistencies in published studies of injury in elite youth football, there is a wide variation in reported injury outcomes. The distinction between “per player season” and “per 1000 h of exposure” is an issue in the reporting of injury data. The specification per player season only suggests that exposure is taken into account when reporting incidence and burden. However, as exposure during a season varies between teams, leagues and countries, the specification per 1000 h of exposure is concrete.
Two recent studies from English football academies reported an injury rate of 0.4 to 1.3 per player season [7,8]. However, these studies do not report player exposure, so an estimate of the injury risk (incidence per 1000 h of exposure) is not available. Other studies report an injury risk between 2.6 and 12.0 per 1000 h of exposure [15,16]. Furthermore, the focus of published studies is often limited to reporting injury rates without considering the impact of individual injuries on participation in training and play. In this context, it is also important to understand the burden of these injuries [17,18]. In particular, by considering the severity of individual injuries, it is possible to distinguish between common but minor injuries (e.g., contusions) and rare but severe injuries (e.g., fractures), providing a more nuanced understanding of the overall impact of injury on young athletes’ participation in training, play and therefore their development [17].
The limited amount of information from a few different cohorts and age groups, with inconsistent data, highlights the need for new studies on this topic. The aim of this study was to describe the age-related injury risk, injury severity and injury burden in relation to the injury types observed in a German elite youth football academy.

2. Materials and Methods

The present study examines prospectively collected injury data from a cohort of 138 young male athletes who played in the U12–U19 groups of an elite youth academy in Germany during the 2012/13 season. Inclusion criteria were defined as club membership throughout the study period, complete injury registration during the study period, and complete registration of training and match exposure during the season of data collection. The study period covered one full season, starting with the pre-season in July 2012 and ending at the end of May 2013. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement was used for appropriate reporting. of this study [19].
The academy follows a structured training programme that gradually incorporates both athletic and football-specific training. The frequency of training varied by age group, ranging from an average of 3 sessions per week for U12 and U13 to an average of 5 sessions per week for U16, U17 and U18. Match participation ranged from 44 matches for U16 to 74 for U13, with match duration ranging from 60 min (U12 and U13) to 90 min (U19). U19 players had the highest match exposure, accumulating 891 h. Additional training or matches related to junior national teams were not included in this study. The participants were not involved in the design or interpretation of the study.

2.1. Injury Monitoring

In the event of an injury, all players were required to contact the club’s medical staff. The doctor or physiotherapist carried out a physical examination and, if necessary, ordered the appropriate diagnostic tests to classify the injury. In all cases, the affected body region (location), type of injury (diagnosis) and nature (acute/overuse) were recorded and documented in a spreadsheet database according to the methodology described in the consensus procedure by Fuller et al. [20]. The exact mechanism of trauma was not determined.
The diagnosis was made after an interprofessional exchange between physiotherapists and physicians, in consensus with the players and coaches and in full awareness of the situation. The dates of injury and return to sport, defined as the time of full return to training or match play, were documented. Injuries were followed until the end of the rehabilitation protocol. The exact date of return was estimated by the treating clinician at the end of the observation period in the case of persistent injuries [20]. Injury severity was divided into three categories and classified as mild (4–7 days lost), moderate (7–28 days lost) and severe (>28 days lost). Minor injuries lasting <3 days were not recorded.
Injury records were checked weekly for completeness. Non-sport-related injuries, such as influenza infections or general illnesses, were excluded from this study.

2.2. Exposure Monitoring

Exposure data for the U17 and U19 teams were recorded electronically by their respective coaches. In contrast, exposure data for the U12 to U16 age groups were documented by the team physician and medical staff. Match load was monitored on an individual basis, while training load was assessed at team level.

2.3. Data Analysis

For descriptive analysis, parametric data were reported as mean and standard deviation, while skewed data were reported as median and interquartile range. Frequencies were presented as both absolute numbers and relative percentages to facilitate comparisons in terms of location, type and cause of injury. Significance was assessed at a p-value of less than 0.05. Where possible, results are presented visually using graphs. SPSS 26.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and Microsoft Excel version 2308 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) were used for statistical analysis and graphical presentation.
The primary outcome of age-dependent injury incidence was determined by calculating the number of injuries per 1000 h of exposure in the different age groups and reported both overall and grouped by injury type [21]. Due to the skewed distribution, the median injury severity was used to calculate the age- and pathology-specific injury burden as the second main outcome measure, as the product of the number of injuries and the injury severity [21]. The injury burden was expressed as the number of days lost per 1000 h of play and the dispersion was expressed as the 95% CI assuming a Poisson distribution [21]. Detailed operational definitions used throughout the study are presented in Table 1.

3. Results

A total of 138 players with recorded training or match exposure were screened for eligibility. None were excluded, and all played at least part of a season. Mean age at start of season was 14.9 years with SD of 2.1 years. Cumulative exposure was 36,638 h of training and 5335 h of match play with a mean season length of 40 weeks (range 35–45 weeks).

3.1. Main Injury Outcomes

A total of 109 time-loss injuries were recorded. On average, each injury prevented players from participating in training and match-related activities for approximately 23 days, with an average of 0.8 injuries per player season. The overall incidence was 2.6 per 1000 h (1.7–3.0; 95% CI). The age-related incidence ranged from 1.1 in U13s to 4.0 in U19s. The incidence during matches was 3.4 times higher (6.9 per 1000 h; 2.9–11.0 95% CI) than during training (2.0 per 1000 h; 1.5–2.2; 95% CI). The high incidence of injuries in U16 and U19 was mainly due to the high incidence of injuries during match play (13.9 per 1000 h of match play and 14.5 per 1000 h of match play, respectively). The season incidence rate of players with at least one injury was 66/138 = 47.8%. Descriptive injury outcomes by age are shown in Table 2.
The total number of days lost was 2536, resulting in an injury burden of 60.6 days lost per 1000 h (40.8–80.3; 95% CI). The mean severity was 23.3 days per injury (15.7–30.9; 95% CI), with a higher severity in matches 28.9 (10–47.8 days; 95% CI) than in training 20.4 (13.7–27 days; 95% CI; p > 0.05). The injury burden for match injuries (199.4 days per 1000 h) was 4.9 times higher than for training injuries (40.8 days per 1000 h). A risk matrix shows the injury burden as a variable dependent on the incidence and severity of injury for each age group (Figure 1).

3.2. Injury Mechanism and Injury Type

In total, 86 of the 109 time-loss injuries were traumatic. Traumatic injuries accounted for 92% of match injuries and 72% of training injuries. Overuse injuries accounted for 21% of all injuries. However, the exact mechanisms of trauma were not recorded.
The most common site of injury was the lower extremity (83.4%; Table 3), followed by the upper extremity (9.2%), head and neck (4.6%), and trunk (2.8%).
The injury types with the highest incidence were joint capsule and ligament injuries (0.7; 30%), muscle and tendon injuries (0.7 injuries per 1000 h; 28% of all injuries), bone injuries (0.3; 11%) and superficial tissue/skin injuries (0.3; 11%). Bone injuries were associated with the highest injury burden (12.8, 7–19 days per 1000 h, 21% of all days lost), followed by joint sprains (10.1, 7–14 days per 1000 h, 20%), physeal injuries (9.2, 6–13 days per 1000 h, 15%), muscle injuries (8.6, 6–11 days per 1000 h, 14%) and cartilage lesions (6.2, 2–13 days per 1000 h, 10%).

3.3. Age Group Patterns

The total number of overuse injuries and their proportion of all injuries in an age group decreased with increasing age (U12: 50%, U13: 75%, U14: 33%, U15: 33%, U16: 5%, U17: 12%, U19: 23%). In contrast, the number of traumatic injuries increased with age, as shown in Figure 2.
The incidence and severity of the five most burdensome injury types are shown as risk matrices in Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7.
Injury burden, as a variable dependent on injury incidence and severity, is shown as 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per 1000 h, plotted in four steps with isobars. The highest incidence of joint sprains was found in the U16, U17 and U19 age groups, with the highest injury burden observed in the U19 age group.
Muscular injuries were most common in the U15, U16 and U19 age groups, with a peak injury burden in the U19 age group. They played a minor role in the U12, U13 and U14 age groups.
Physeal injuries occurred mainly in the U13, U14 and U15 age groups, with the highest injury burden in the U14 age group.
For contusions and fractures, there was no trend in the incidence and burden of injury between the different age groups. However, bone injuries were associated with a high injury burden.

4. Discussion

In the development of young athletes, the loss of time due to injuries leads to a lack of improvement in sport-specific technique, a deficit in physical development that is difficult to compensate for and, frequently, a lack of support from the association or club [23]. In football, injuries are often associated with significant financial risks. As injury characteristics vary between populations and age groups, it is essential to provide national insights.
Injury characteristics in elite German youth academies have recently been published [15]. The aim of this study was therefore to differentiate age-related differences in injury risk, injury severity and injury burden, and thus to draw conclusions about the age-related risk profile of 138 elite youth footballers.

4.1. Main Injury Outcomes

It is often argued in the literature that higher levels of endurance, strength and coordination may lead to lower injury rates [24]. Recently, however, studies from elite international youth football have been published that contradict this [12,16]. This hypothesis also cannot be confirmed in the present collective. On the contrary, the total incidence of injuries varied between 1.1 and 4.0 per 1000 h of exposure and increased gradually with age. This is at the lower end but comparable to the 4.3–5.8 per 1000 h incidence rates reported for adults in the UEFA Champions League or Swedish professional football [25,26]. It is possible that “playing up” (i.e., playing against older age groups) has led to an inversion of the injury rate in young athletes in the studies described [24]. While growth appears to have a large influence on physeal injuries, physical play and physical strength appear to have a greater influence on injury rates and burden in youth football [8]. Therefore, it is important that coaches, coaching staff, physiotherapists and physicians discuss potential risk factors related to the growth phase and physical competitiveness and, if necessary, design individual training and match plans to reduce the risk of injury in these players [13,27].
The balance between match and training load appears to be particularly important. In the present collective, a 3.4 times higher incidence rate and a 4.9 times higher injury burden rate were observed for match-associated injuries compared to training-associated injuries. This was due to the increased incidence and severity of training and match injuries, particularly in older age groups. The fact that the ratio of match/training related injuries increases with the age of the young athletes is known from other studies in elite football academies [12,28]. The incidence data from the academy studied were within the range of published incidence data from youth academies in other countries and there were no significant differences in training incidence of 0.7–7.9 per 1000 h and match incidence of 0.4–38.4 per 1000 h [11,24]. While some factors, such as athletic competition and increased physicality, are inherent to the nature of the game, it is important to ensure good physical condition and mental fitness, to minimise the risk of injury during the match [29].
Further comparison of injury data shows that the U19 and U16 age groups have the highest injury burden, with 128 and 88 days lost per 1000 h, respectively. This is a valuable finding as there are few and conflicting reports on the injury burden in elite youth football. While one study in a Dutch cohort found a peak injury burden of 357 days lost per squad season in the U16 age group, a cohort of Qatari and Belgian youth footballers showed an increasing injury burden with age [11,12,30]. Furthermore, the overall burden of 61 days lost per 1000 h of exposure found in the present study needs to be discussed. Due to different reporting of injury burden (number of days lost per 1000 h vs. number of days lost per squad season), comparability is rarely possible [11,12,16,30]. According to the consensus, the injury burden should be reported as number of days lost per 1000 h [21,22]. As exposure during a season varies between teams, leagues and countries, the specification per 1000 h of exposure is concrete. However, in some studies the exposure data of the athletes are missing [11,12,30]. As a result, a study from a Qatari youth academy is the only study currently available that reports exposure data and injury burden [16]. The reported overall burden rate is higher than in the current collective and is reported as 255 days of absence per 1000 h [16].
Overall, the injury burden in the risk matrix of the Qatari youth football collective is more homogeneous, whereas in the present study there is a large difference in the injury burden observed between younger (U12: 12.4 days lost per 1000 h and U13: 23.7 days lost per 1000 h) and older age groups (U16: 77.2 days lost per 1000 h and U19: 127.6 days lost per 1000 h) [16]. However, the data matrix of the present study (Figure 1) is comparable to those of previous studies [12]. A potential reason for these differences might be differences in exposure recording. In the present study, match exposure was recorded on an individual basis, whereas training exposure was assessed at team level. In contrast, the training and match exposures in the reference study by Wik et al. were assessed on an individual basis, which allows a more reliable assessment [16]. However, due to discrepancies between the textual reporting and the data presented in the risk matrices, the exact injury burden of the study mentioned by Wik et al. remains unclear [16]. A risk matrix showed just under 100 days lost per 1000 h, while the data reported in the text suggested 225 days lost per 1000 h [16].
Further studies with appropriate exposure assessment are needed to provide further reference values for injury burden, measured in days lost per 1000 h of exposure.

4.2. Onset Mechanism, Injury Type and Age Group Patterns

Musculoskeletal, joint capsular and ligamentous injuries were the most frequent and were associated with moderate severities. Muscle injuries accounted for 28% of all injuries and particularly affected the thigh muscles. In professional football, this type of injury was reported in 31% of all injuries [31]. Muscle injuries were associated with an injury burden of 8.6 days lost per 1000 h, with the frequency and severity of injuries being particularly high in the U19, U16 and U15 age groups. Thigh muscle injuries receive special attention in terms of prevention and treatment [32]. Muscle injuries with a particular focus on the thigh muscles, are a significant problem due to a complex interplay of factors [33]. These factors include growth-related imbalances, developmental differences in the musculature of young athletes, muscular rigidity, non-adherence to prevention programmes and sport-specific elements such as kicking and rapid changes of direction [34]. Efforts to reduce hamstring injuries have led to the development of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise Programme, which has shown remarkable efficacy in reducing such injuries [35]. However, the effectiveness of alternative training programmes, such as plyometric training, remains controversial in the literature [34]. Paradoxically, despite the existence of these effective preventive strategies, the incidence of hamstring injuries continues to increase in both professional and amateur football [31]. This concerning trend may be due to a lack of awareness of the effectiveness of these programmes and an unwillingness to participate in specific training [36]. An observed increase in physicality, measured by high-intensity sprints and actions, as well as sprint distance and number, are also seen as potential influencing factors [37]. Further research and therapeutic approaches are needed to counteract this trend.
Another finding of the present study was the reverse development of the incidence of overuse and traumatic injuries in the different age groups. In line with the increase in traumatic injuries, the injury burden of fractures, joint sprains and muscle injuries increased with age. In parallel with the incidence of injuries, the severity of injury types increased with age. Possible reasons for this could be a higher intensity of play with increasing age, a higher training load, a higher level of competition and a more aggressive and therefore riskier style of play [38]. The increasing incidence of traumatic injuries may also be due to an increased likelihood of previous injury prior to the study period, which is a known risk factor for new injuries in youth football [39].
Furthermore, the age-specific distribution of injury burden for specific injury types shows an interesting age-dependent distribution of peak injury burden, especially for physeal injuries. Physeal injuries occurred mainly during the phases of the pubertal growth spurt between U13 and U15, with a peak in the U14 age group, and were associated with high injury incidence and severity. The lower burden of physeal injuries in older age groups may be due to advanced skeletal maturation [40]. There is a further increase in the injury burden in the U19 age group, which can be interpreted as a correlate of the final growth of young males [11]. The apophyses are highly vulnerable regions of the body that are very sensitive to repetitive and excessive forces. The vulnerability of the apophyses is particularly increased during periods of rapid physical growth [41]. In the present cohort, apophyseal injuries accounted for 12% of all time-loss injuries and 29% of all serious injuries with a time-loss of more than 4 weeks. Comparable values of between 0.4 and 4.7 injuries per squad season can be found in the literature, but the injury burden in the present cohort is high and has not been extensively studied in the literature [7,8,9,10]. The high injury burden may be due to the increasing intensity of elite youth football, which leads to greater mechanical stress on the growth plates of the lower limbs [42]. However, when compared to the only previously published data on a Qatari cohort of young footballers, which reported a physeal burden of 33–49% of the total burden, or a range of 208 to 444 days lost per squad season, it is lower and, at 15% in the present cohort, has a smaller impact on the total burden [43]. Nevertheless, the proportion of the total burden is a cause for concern, as it appears to have a detrimental effect on player development and therefore underlines the need for effective prevention programmes.
Monitoring of growth and maturation, tailored training programmes and careful management of football exposure appear to be an effective approach to reducing the risk, and consequently the burden, of apophyseal and overuse injuries in the target age groups of elite youth football [44].

4.3. Strength and Limitations

There are some limitations that need to be mentioned. The recording of injuries by the heterogeneous and large staff of the academy studied is a likely source of bias, despite the prior training of the staff. Fewer people involved in the collection of exposure data could reduce this bias in future studies. It should also be noted that match exposure data were recorded individually, whereas training exposure data were recorded for the whole team. This leads to a potential overestimation of training exposure and a subsequent underestimation of injury incidence and burden. However, for operational and staffing reasons, it was not possible to collect more comprehensive exposure data in the academy studied. Future studies should consider this as a potential bias and, if possible, collect both match and training exposure data individually for each athlete.
Another limitation is that the present study only collects data from a single elite football academy in Germany, resulting in a lack of external validity. Such data could be collected, for example, by implementing registry structures, which are already used in other sports orthopaedic subspecialties [45]. However, assessing overall injury rates and differences between clubs may be limited by differences in training, coaching methods and match types. Furthermore, sharing such data may be challenging due to confidentiality issues between professional football clubs [24]. A more valuable approach may be longitudinal research over several seasons within a single academy, including position-specific injury analysis.
In this study, all academy and club activities during the season were recorded, but non-scheduled activities and exposure to the national team were not monitored. These factors may have influenced the incidence of injuries, particularly gradual onset injuries [5]. It is also important to note that contextual factors related to training philosophies, lifestyle habits and environmental conditions should be considered when applying the findings of this study.
This prospective cohort study of elite youth football players provides a detailed and novel insight into the age-related injury characteristics and injury burden in a German youth academy. This is an important contribution to the clinical and preventive aspects of injury research in elite athletes, as recently emphasised [21].

5. Conclusions

This study provides an insight into the age-related injury characteristics of young elite footballers in Germany. The players missed a total of 2536 days, resulting in an injury burden of 60.6 lost days per 1000 h of exposure (40.8–80.3; 95%-CI). The injury burden for match-related injuries was 4.9 times higher than for training, with 199.4 lost days per 1000 h. Bone injuries (12.8 days lost per 1000 h), joint sprains (10.1), physeal injuries (9.2), muscle injuries (8.6) and cartilage lesions (6.2) were associated with the highest injury burden. With increasing age, the incidence, severity and burden of injury increased significantly, which may be explained by the increasing number of traumatic injuries and may be due to the increased physicality of the game in these groups. Physeal injuries, mostly related to overuse, peaked in the U14 age group during the pubertal growth spurt.
By categorising players by age group, the study provides valuable insights to ensure the optimal development of young elite players by highlighting the age groups in which athletes are most susceptible to injury during training and competition.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.W. and Y.B.; Data curation, J.W., A.J. and Y.B.; Formal analysis, J.W.; Funding acquisition, Y.B.; Investigation, J.W. and A.J.; Methodology, J.W. and Y.B.; Project administration, Y.B.; Resources, R.K., J.S. and Y.B.; Supervision, T.R. and Y.B.; Visualization, J.W. and R.T.; Writing—original draft, J.W.; Writing—review and editing, A.J., R.T., S.Z., R.K., J.S., T.R. and Y.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

We acknowledge financial support from the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Heidelberg.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Heidelberg (S—254/2023).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The disclosure of sensitive data of professional footballers may be prohibited by the participating club.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to all the players and their legal guardians for their participation in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

T. Renkawitz declares the following conflict of interest: Financial interests: Research funding at personal disposal: DePuy, Zimmer, Aesculap, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Deutsche Arthrose-Hilfe, OttoBock-Stiftung, German Federal Ministry of Economic and Development, Oskar-Helene-Heim Foundation in Berlin, Vielberth Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Reimbursement of costs: DePuy, Zimmer, Aesculap, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Deutsche Arthrose-Hilfe, OttoBock-Stiftung, Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Cooperation and Development, Oskar-Helene-Heim Foundation in Berlin, Vielberth Foundation, DGOOC, BVOU, DGOU.—Reimbursement of costs for training/lectures: DePuy, Zimmer, Aesculap, German Society for Endoprosthetics (AE), Bavarian Association of General Practitioners.—B. Non-financial interests: Chair (W3) of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of. Heidelberg, Director of the Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg|Memberships: Vice President of the Professional Association for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (BVOU), General Board of the DGOOC, Head of the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Evidenzbasierte Medizin” of the DGOU, editorial board of “Die Orthopädie” and “Die Unfallchirurgie” (SpringerMedicine), editor of the of the “Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie—Mitteilungen und Nachrichten” (OUMN), International Advisory Board of the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Jones, S.; Almousa, S.; Gibb, A.; Allamby, N.; Mullen, R.; Andersen, T.E.; Williams, M. Injury Incidence, Prevalence and Severity in High-Level Male Youth Football: A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2019, 49, 1879–1899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Finch, C. A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2006, 9, 3–9, discussion 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Jacobsson, J.; Bergin, D.; Timpka, T.; Nyce, J.M.; Dahlström, Ö. Injuries in youth track and field are perceived to have multiple-level causes that call for ecological (holistic-developmental) interventions: A national sporting community perceptions and experiences. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2018, 28, 348–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Jaber, A.; Weishorn, J.; Berrsche, G.; Ott, H.; Bangert, Y. Injury Profile among Elite Youth Male Football Players in a German Academy. Int. J. Sports Med. 2021, 43, 138–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Bergeron, M.F.; Mountjoy, M.; Armstrong, N.; Chia, M.; Côté, J.; Emery, C.A.; Faigenbaum, A.; Gary Hall, J.; Kriemler, S.; Léglise, M.; et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015, 49, 843–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. van der Sluis, A.; Elferink-Gemser, M.T.; Brink, M.S.; Visscher, C. Importance of Peak Height Velocity Timing in Terms of Injuries in Talented Soccer Players. Int. J. Sports Med. 2015, 36, 327–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Read, P.J.; Oliver, J.L.; De Ste Croix, M.B.A.; Myer, G.D.; Lloyd, R.S. An audit of injuries in six english professional soccer academies. J. Sports Sci. 2018, 36, 1542–1548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Price, R.J.; Hawkins, R.D.; Hulse, M.A.; Hodson, A. The Football Association medical research programme: An audit of injuries in academy youth football. Br. J. Sports Med. 2004, 38, 466–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Le Gall, F.; Carling, C.; Reilly, T.; Vandewalle, H.; Church, J.; Rochcongar, P. Incidence of injuries in elite French youth soccer players: A 10-season study. Am. J. Sports Med. 2006, 34, 928–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Hall, E.C.R.; Larruskain, J.; Gil, S.M.; Lekue, J.A.; Baumert, P.; Rienzi, E.; Moreno, S.; Tannure, M.; Murtagh, C.F.; Ade, J.D.; et al. An injury audit in high-level male youth soccer players from English, Spanish, Uruguayan and Brazilian academies. Phys. Ther. Sport 2020, 44, 53–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Bult, H.J.; Barendrecht, M.; Tak, I.J.R. Injury Risk and Injury Burden Are Related to Age Group and Peak Height Velocity Among Talented Male Youth Soccer Players. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 2018, 6, 2325967118811042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Materne, O.; Chamari, K.; Farooq, A.; Weir, A.; Hölmich, P.; Bahr, R.; Greig, M.; McNaughton, L.R. Injury incidence and burden in a youth elite football academy: A four-season prospective study of 551 players aged from under 9 to under 19 years. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021, 55, 493–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Malina, R.M.; Bouchard, C.; Bar-Or, O. Growth, maturation, and physical activity, 2nd ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
  14. Faulkner, R.A.; Davison, K.S.; Bailey, D.A.; Mirwald, R.L.; Baxter-Jones, A.D. Size-corrected BMD decreases during peak linear growth: Implications for fracture incidence during adolescence. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2006, 21, 1864–1870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Weishorn, J.; Jaber, A.; Zietzschmann, S.; Spielmann, J.; Renkawitz, T.; Bangert, Y. Injury Patterns and Incidence in an Elite Youth Football Academy&mdash;A Prospective Cohort Study of 138 Male Athletes. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 6138. [Google Scholar]
  16. Wik, E.H.; Lolli, L.; Chamari, K.; Materne, O.; Salvo, V.D.; Gregson, W.; Bahr, R. Injury patterns differ with age in male youth football: A four-season prospective study of 1111 time-loss injuries in an elite national academy. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021, 55, 794–800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Bahr, R.; Clarsen, B.; Ekstrand, J. Why we should focus on the burden of injuries and illnesses, not just their incidence. Br. J. Sports Med. 2018, 52, 1018–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Lee, I.; Jeong, H.S.; Lee, S.Y. Injury Profiles in Korean Youth Soccer. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. von Elm, E.; Altman, D.G.; Egger, M.; Pocock, S.J.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Vandenbroucke, J.P. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2008, 61, 344–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Fuller, C.W.; Ekstrand, J.; Junge, A.; Andersen, T.E.; Bahr, R.; Dvorak, J.; Hägglund, M.; McCrory, P.; Meeuwisse, W.H. Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries. Br. J. Sports Med. 2006, 40, 193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Bahr, R.; Clarsen, B.; Derman, W.; Dvorak, J.; Emery, C.A.; Finch, C.F.; Hägglund, M.; Junge, A.; Kemp, S.; Khan, K.M.; et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement: Methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Br. J. Sports Med. 2020, 54, 372–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Fuller, C.W. Injury Risk (Burden), Risk Matrices and Risk Contours in Team Sports: A Review of Principles, Practices and Problems. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 1597–1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Ford, P.; De Ste Croix, M.; Lloyd, R.; Meyers, R.; Moosavi, M.; Oliver, J.; Till, K.; Williams, C. The long-term athlete development model: Physiological evidence and application. J. Sports Sci. 2011, 29, 389–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Renshaw, A.; Goodwin, P.C. Injury incidence in a Premier League youth soccer academy using the consensus statement: A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2016, 2, e000132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Ekstrand, J.; Spreco, A.; Bengtsson, H.; Bahr, R. Injury rates decreased in men’s professional football: An 18-year prospective cohort study of almost 12 000 injuries sustained during 1.8 million hours of play. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021, 55, 1084–1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Waldén, M.; Hägglund, M.; Ekstrand, J. Injuries in Swedish elite football--a prospective study on injury definitions, risk for injury and injury pattern during 2001. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2005, 15, 118–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Bahr, R. Demise of the fittest: Are we destroying our biggest talents? Br. J. Sports Med. 2014, 48, 1265–1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Martins, F.; França, C.; Marques, A.; Iglésias, B.; Sarmento, H.; Henriques, R.; Ihle, A.; Lopes, H.; Ornelas, R.T.; Gouveia, É.R. Sports Injuries of a Portuguese Professional Football Team during Three Consecutive Seasons. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Weishorn, J.; Spielmann, J.; Kern, R.; Mayer, J.; Friedmann-Bette, B.; Renkawitz, T.; Bangert, Y. Neue Therapieverfahren im Wettkampfsport. Die Orthopädie 2023, 52, 897–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Rommers, N.; Rössler, R.; Goossens, L.; Vaeyens, R.; Lenoir, M.; Witvrouw, E.; D’Hondt, E. Risk of acute and overuse injuries in youth elite soccer players: Body size and growth matter. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2020, 23, 246–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Ekstrand, J.; Waldén, M.; Hägglund, M. Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annually in men’s professional football, since 2001: A 13-year longitudinal analysis of the UEFA Elite Club injury study. Br J Sports Med 2016, 50, 731–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Gurau, T.V.; Gurau, G.; Musat, C.L.; Voinescu, D.C.; Anghel, L.; Onose, G.; Munteanu, C.; Onu, I.; Iordan, D.A. Epidemiology of Injuries in Professional and Amateur Football Men (Part II). J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 6293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Ekstrand, J.; Hägglund, M.; Waldén, M. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am. J. Sports Med. 2011, 39, 1226–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Rosado-Portillo, A.; Chamorro-Moriana, G.; Gonzalez-Medina, G.; Perez-Cabezas, V. Acute Hamstring Injury Prevention Programs in Eleven-a-Side Football Players Based on Physical Exercises: Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Al Attar, W.S.A.; Soomro, N.; Sinclair, P.J.; Pappas, E.; Sanders, R.H. Effect of Injury Prevention Programs that Include the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Injury Rates in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2017, 47, 907–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. O’Brien, J.; Finch, C.F. A systematic review of core implementation components in team ball sport injury prevention trials. Inj. Prev. 2014, 20, 357–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Barnes, C.; Archer, D.T.; Hogg, B.; Bush, M.; Bradley, P.S. The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League. Int. J. Sports Med. 2014, 35, 1095–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Buchheit, M.; Mendez-Villanueva, A. Effects of age, maturity and body dimensions on match running performance in highly trained under-15 soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 32, 1271–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Kucera, K.L.; Marshall, S.W.; Kirkendall, D.T.; Marchak, P.M.; Garrett, W.E., Jr. Injury history as a risk factor for incident injury in youth soccer. Br. J. Sports Med. 2005, 39, 462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Wik, E.H. Growth, maturation and injuries in high-level youth football (soccer): A mini review. Front. Sports Act. Living 2022, 4, 975900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Monasterio, X.; Gil, S.M.; Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I.; Lekue, J.A.; Santisteban, J.; Diaz-Beitia, G.; Martin-Garetxana, I.; Bikandi, E.; Larruskain, J. Injuries according to the percentage of adult height in an elite soccer academy. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2021, 24, 218–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Elferink-Gemser, M.T.; Huijgen, B.C.; Coelho-e-Silva, M.; Lemmink, K.A.; Visscher, C. The changing characteristics of talented soccer players--a decade of work in Groningen. J. Sports Sci. 2012, 30, 1581–1591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Materne, O.; Chamari, K.; Farooq, A.; Tabben, M.; Weir, A.; Holmich, P.; Bahr, R.; Greig, M.; McNaughton, L.R. Shedding light on incidence and burden of physeal injuries in a youth elite football academy: A 4-season prospective study. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2022, 32, 165–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Materne, O.; Chamari, K.; Farooq, A.; Weir, A.; Hölmich, P.; Bahr, R.; Greig, M.; McNaughton, L.R. Association of Skeletal Maturity and Injury Risk in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A 4-Season Prospective Study with Survival Analysis. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 2021, 9, 2325967121999113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Weishorn, J.; Bumberger, A.; Niemeyer, P.; Tischer, T.; Mueller-Rath, R.; Renkawitz, T.; Bangert, Y. The first decade of the DGOU’s cartilage register-insights for clinical practice. Orthopadie 2023, 52, 455–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Jcm 12 06938 g001
Figure 1. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Figure 1. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Jcm 12 06938 g001
Jcm 12 06938 g002
Figure 2. Number and proportion of overuse and traumatic injuries by age group.
Figure 2. Number and proportion of overuse and traumatic injuries by age group.
Jcm 12 06938 g002
Jcm 12 06938 g003
Figure 3. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for joint sprains in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Figure 3. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for joint sprains in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Jcm 12 06938 g003
Jcm 12 06938 g004
Figure 4. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for muscular injuries in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Figure 4. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for muscular injuries in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Jcm 12 06938 g004
Jcm 12 06938 g005
Figure 5. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for physeal injuries in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Figure 5. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for physeal injuries in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Jcm 12 06938 g005
Jcm 12 06938 g006
Figure 6. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for contusions in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Figure 6. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for contusions in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Jcm 12 06938 g006
Jcm 12 06938 g007
Figure 7. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for bone injuries in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Figure 7. Risk matrix illustrating the age-related injury burden for bone injuries in elite youth footballers—injury burden is shown as the product of incidence and severity. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Isobars illustrate the injury burden in 5, 10, 20 and 30 days lost per year.
Jcm 12 06938 g007
Table 1. Definitions used in the study.
Table 1. Definitions used in the study.
MeasureDefinition
Player seasonA player who participated in a particular season.
Time-loss injuryA physical condition or symptom experienced by a player that requires the medical staff to restrict, in whole or in part, the player’s participation in a future football team training session or match [20].
Injury incidenceThe frequency of time-loss injuries per 1000 player hours [20].
Season incidence proportionPercentage of players with at least one time-loss injury recorded for the season studied [16].
Injury burdenA measure of the impact of injury as a product of frequency (how often) and severity (duration), calculated as the total number of days lost per 1000 player hours [21].
Training exposureTeam and individual physical activities under the control of the team’s coaching or fitness staff, designed to maintain or improve football skills or physical condition. Team exposure is measured in hours [20].
Match exposureMatch between teams from different clubs or academies. Player exposure is measured in hours [22].
Table 2. Demography, exposure and injury characteristics.
Table 2. Demography, exposure and injury characteristics.
U12U13U14U15U16U17U19
Players (n)15182021222121
Age (y, SD)11.8 (0.4)12.7 (0.5)13.5 (0.5)14.6 (0.5)15.7 (0.5)16.6 (0.5)18.0 (0.8)
Stature
(cm, SD)		148.1 (7,1)156.7 (7.2)161.4 (7.0)168.5 (7.3)173.8 (6.4)176.7 (5.2)181.7 (7.8)
Body mass (kg, SD)42.1 (5.5)44.7 (6.1)48.3 (5.9)55.4 (6.1)62.5 (6.2)69.8 (6.7)75.1 (7.5)
Time-loss injuries (n)441512222032
Total time-loss (days)38863562576291481022
Overall Injury incidence1.31.12.72.02.72.54.0
Training injury incidence1.31.12.12.21.81.82.7
Match injury incidence1.51.26.61.213.99.214.5
Mean days lost per injury (95%-CI)9.5
(3.6–15.4)		21.5
(0–51.7)		23.7
(9.6–37.8)		21.4
(6.4–36.5)		28.6
(10–45.1)		7.5
(5.2–9.9)		31.9
(10.3–53.6)
Injury burden (95%-CI)12.4
(4.7–20)		23.7
(0–56.9)		64
(25.9–102.1)		42.8
(12.8–73)		77.2
(27–121.8)		18.8
(13–24.8)		127.6
(41.2–214.4)
Table 3. Data on injury incidence, severity and burden by body part and diagnosis.
Table 3. Data on injury incidence, severity and burden by body part and diagnosis.
Body PartInjuries Incidence RateMedian Time-LossBurden
DiagnosisnInjuries Per 1000 hDays (IQ 25th–75th)Time Loss Days Per 1000 h (95% CI)
Head and Neck50.1210 (4.5–12.5)1.1 (0.4 to 1.7)
Concussion20.0510.5 (10–10.5)0.5 (0.2 to 0.8)
Nasal bone fracture20.059 (4–9)0.5 (0.2 to 0.8)
Cut10.25 (5–5)1 (1 to 1)
Upper Limb100.247 (4.75–31.75)5.4 (0.2 to 11.0)
AC-contusion10.024 (4–4)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Shoulder contusion10.025 (5–5)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Ellbow contusion10.028 (8–8)0.2 (0.2 to 0.2)
Forearm contusion10.027 (7–7)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Forearm fracture20.0545.5 (45–46)2.3 (1.4 to 3.7)
Hand contusion20.055.5 (5–6)0.3 (0.2 to 1.2)
Hand/finger sprain10.026 (6–6)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Hand/finger fracture10.0293 (93–93)1.9 (1.9 to 1.9)
Trunk30.0711 (5.0–11)1.0 (0.4 to 1.8)
Overuse unspecific pathology20.0518.5 (11–18.5)0.9 (0.6 to 1.3)
Functional muscle disorder10.025 (5–5)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Hip and Pelvis50.1236 (13.5–58.5)4.3 (1.0 to 7.7)
Physeal injury (avulsion)20.0534 (12–34)1.7 (0.6 to 2.8)
Physeal injury (apophysitis)20.0548.5 (36–48.5)2.4 (1.8 to 3.1)
Gluteal strain10.0215 (15–15)0.3 (0.3 to 0.3)
Thigh260.626.0 (4–32.5)7.6 (4.6 to 10.5)
Torn hamstrings50.1223.0 (13–44)3.4 (1.1 to 5.6)
Torn quadriceps10.0215 (15–15)0.3 (0.3 to 0.3)
Thigh contusion30.075 (4–5)0.4 (0.2 to 0.5)
Adductor strain50.1211 (5.0–17.5)1.3 (0.2 to 2.5)
Hamstring strain40.14 (4–4.75)0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)
Quadriceps strain80.196 (4–13)1.8 (0.4 to 3.1)
Knee210.514 (7.5–38)22.1 (4.2 to 40)
Knee sprain/ligament90.2110 (4–16)2.4 (1.2 to 3.6)
Meniscus and cartilage damaged30.0748 (33–48)6.2 (2.9 to 9.5)
Knee physeal injury70.1714 (8–28)3.2 (1.1 to 5.3)
Patellar dislocation10.0290 (90–90)1.8 (1.8 to 1.8)
Torn ACL10.02339 (339–339)6.8 (6.8 to 6.8)
Lower Leg and Calf60.147.5 (5.75–9.75)1.1 (0.7 to 1.5)
Functional muscle disorder10.0212 (12–12)0.2 (0.2 to 0.2)
Torn calf muscle10.028 (8–8)0.2 (0.2 to 0.2)
Calf muscle strain30.076 (5–6)0.5 (0.1 to 0.8)
Calf cut10.027 (7–7)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Foot and Ankle330.7914 (5–31)18.0 (11.3 to 24.7)
Ankle sprain/ligament190.4513.0 (7–19)7.0 (3.5 to 10.4)
Ankle contusion10.024 (4–4)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Ankle fracture10.0257 (57–57)1.1 (1.1 to 1.1)
Ankle stress injury10.025 (5–5)0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Physeal injury20.0544 (39–44)2.2 (2.0 to 2.5)
Foot/toe fracture40.156 (17–65.8)4.6 (0.2 to 9.0)
Foot contusion30.074 (4–4)2.2 (0.3 to 4.2)
Foot sprain20.0511 (4–11)0.6 (0.2 to 0.9)
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Weishorn, J.; Jaber, A.; Trefzer, R.; Zietzschmann, S.; Kern, R.; Spielmann, J.; Renkawitz, T.; Bangert, Y. How Does Age Affect Injury Characteristics in Young Elite Footballers?—A Prospective Cohort Study of a German Youth Academy. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 6938. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216938

AMA Style

Weishorn J, Jaber A, Trefzer R, Zietzschmann S, Kern R, Spielmann J, Renkawitz T, Bangert Y. How Does Age Affect Injury Characteristics in Young Elite Footballers?—A Prospective Cohort Study of a German Youth Academy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(21):6938. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216938

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weishorn, Johannes, Ayham Jaber, Raphael Trefzer, Severin Zietzschmann, Ralph Kern, Jan Spielmann, Tobias Renkawitz, and Yannic Bangert. 2023. "How Does Age Affect Injury Characteristics in Young Elite Footballers?—A Prospective Cohort Study of a German Youth Academy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 21: 6938. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216938

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop