The Association of Weight Reduction and Other Variables after Bariatric Surgery with the Likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. COVID-19 Pandemic
1.2. Obesity and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
1.3. Bariatric Surgery
1.4. Bariatric Surgery and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
1.5. Aim of Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Period and Population
2.3. Definitions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Groups
3.3. Clinical and Laboratory Variables of the Study Groups
3.4. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. New Findings
- Negative findings that the BMI and the amount of weight reduction after bariatric surgery were not significantly associated with the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Post-operative low SES and vitamin D3 deficiency were associated with significant and independent increased rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Post-operative intense physical activity and smoking were associated with significantly reduced rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
4.2. Discussion of the New Findings
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https://covid19.who.int/ (accessed on 3 March 2023).
- Msemburi, W.; Karlinsky, A.; Knutson, V.; Aleshin-Guendel, S.; Chatterji, S.; Wakefield, J. The WHO Estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature 2023, 613, 130–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ludvigsson, J.F. Systematic Review of COVID-19 in Children Shows Milder Cases and a Better Prognosis than Adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020, 109, 1088–1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Verity, R.; Okell, L.C.; Dorigatti, I.; Winskill, P.; Whittaker, C.; Imai, N.; Cuomo-Dannenburg, G.; Thompson, H.; Walker, P.G.T.; Fu, H.; et al. Estimates of the severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A model-based analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020, 20, 669–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pescariu, S.A.; Tudoran, C.; Pop, G.N.; Pescariu, S.; Timar, R.Z.; Tudoran, M. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Implantation of Intra-Cardiac Devices in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients in the Western of Romania. Medicina 2021, 57, 441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopez-Picazo, J.J.; Vidal-Abarca, I.; Beteta, D.; López-Ibáñez, M.; García-Vázquez, E. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hospital: Inpatient’s Perceived Quality in Spain. J. Patient Exp. 2021, 8, 2374373521998625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Birkmeyer, J.D.; Barnato, A.; Birkmeyer, N.; Bessler, R.; Skinner, J. The Impact of The COVID-19 Pandemic On Hospital Admissions In The United States. Health Aff. 2020, 39, 2010–2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shapiro, M.; Yavne, Y.; Shepshelovich, D. Predicting Which Patients Are at Risk for Clinical Deterioration in COVID-19: A Review of the Current Models in Use. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. (IMAJ) 2022, 24, 699–704. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Merzon, E.; Weiss, M.; Krone, B.; Cohen, S.; Ilani, G.; Vinker, S.; Cohen-Golan, A.; Green, I.; Israel, A.; Schneider, T.; et al. Clinical and Socio-Demographic Variables Associated with the Diagnosis of Long COVID Syndrome in Youth: A Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seligman, B.; Ferranna, M.; Bloom, D.E. Social Determinants of Mortality from COVID-19: A Simulation Study Using NHANES. PLoS Med. 2021, 18, e1003490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.; Lu, Y.; Huang, Y.M.; Wang, M.; Ling, W.; Sui, Y.; Zhao, H.L. Obesity in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Metabolism 2020, 113, 154378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, S.E.; Brown, J.; Shahab, L.; Steptoe, A.; Fancourt, D. COVID-19, Smoking and Inequalities: A Study of 53 002 Adults in the UK. Tobacco Control 2020, 30, e111–e121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merzon, E.; Tworowski, D.; Gorohovski, A.; Vinker, S.; Golan Cohen, A.; Green, I.; Frenkel-Morgenstern, M. Low Plasma 25(OH) Vitamin D Level Is Associated with Increased Risk of COVID-19 Infection: An Israeli Population—Based Study. FEBS J. 2020, 287, 3693–3702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Treskova-Schwarzbach, M.; Haas, L.; Reda, S.; Pilic, A.; Borodova, A.; Karimi, K.; Koch, J.; Nygren, T.; Scholz, S.; Schönfeld, V.; et al. Pre-Existing Health Conditions and Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: An Umbrella Review Approach and Meta-Analysis of Global Evidence. BMC Med. 2021, 19, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Cao, Y.; Du, T.; Zhi, Y. Prevalence of Comorbid Asthma and Related Outcomes in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2021, 9, 693–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gregory, J.M.; Slaughter, J.C.; Duffus, S.H.; Smith, T.J.; LeStourgeon, L.M.; Jaser, S.S.; McCoy, A.B.; Luther, J.M.; Giovannetti, E.R.; Boeder, S.; et al. COVID-19 Severity Is Tripled in the Diabetes Community: A Prospective Analysis of the Pandemic’s Impact in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020, 44, 526–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adams, M.L.; Katz, D.L.; Grandpre, J. Population-Based Estimates of Chronic Conditions Affecting Risk for Complications from Coronavirus Disease, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020, 26, 1831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merzon, E.; Weiss, M.D.; Cortese, S.; Rotem, A.; Schneider, T.; Craig, S.G.; Vinker, S.; Golan Cohen, A.; Green, I.; Ashkenazi, S.; et al. The Association between ADHD and the Severity of COVID-19 Infection. J. Atten. Disord. 2022, 26, 491–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tudoran, C.; Tudoran, M.; Lazureanu, V.E.; Marinescu, A.R.; Pop, G.N.; Pescariu, A.S.; Enache, A.; Cut, T.G. Evidence of Pulmonary Hypertension after SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Subjects without Previous Significant Cardiovascular Pathology. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eroume, À.; Egom, E.; Shiwani, H.A.; Nouthe, B. From acute SARS-CoV-2 infection to pulmonary hypertension. Front. Physiol. 2022, 13, 1023758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tudoran, C.; Tudoran, M.; Lazureanu, V.E.; Marinescu, A.R.; Cut, T.G.; Oancea, C.; Pescariu, S.A.; Pop, G.N. Factors Influencing the Evolution of Pulmonary Hypertension in Previously Healthy Subjects Recovering from a SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caci, G.; Albini, A.; Malerba, M.; Noonan, D.M.; Pochetti, P.; Polosa, R. COVID-19 and Obesity: Dangerous Liaisons. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakeshbandi, M.; Maini, R.; Daniel, P.; Rosengarten, S.; Parmar, P.; Wilson, C.; Kim, J.M.; Oommen, A.; Mecklenburg, M.; Salvani, J.; et al. The impact of obesity on COVID-19 complications: A retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Obes. 2020, 44, 1832–1837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hussain, A.; Mahawar, K.; Xia, Z.; Yang, W.; El-Hasani, S. Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2020, 14, 295–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palaiodimos, L.; Kokkinidis, D.G.; Li, W.; Karamanis, D.; Ognibene, J.; Arora, S.; Southern, W.N.; Mantzoros, C.S. Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. Metabolism 2020, 108, 154262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ellulu, M.S.; Patimah, I.; Khaza’ai, H.; Rahmat, A.; Abed, Y. Obesity and inflammation: The linking mechanism and the complications. Arch. Med. Sci. 2017, 13, 851–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellulu, M.S.; Khaza’ai, H.; Rahmat, A.; Patimah, I.; Abed, Y. Obesity can predict and promote systemic inflammation in healthy adults. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016, 215, 318–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolfe, B.M.; Kvach, E.; Eckel, R.H. Treatment of Obesity: Weight Loss and Bariatric Surgery. Circ. Res. 2016, 118, 1844–1855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, S.H.; Stoll, C.R.T.; Song, J.; Varela, J.E.; Eagon, C.J.; Colditz, G.A. The effectiveness and risks of bariatric surgery: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2014, 149, 275–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lespessailles, E.; Toumi, H. Vitamin D alteration associated with obesity and bariatric surgery. Exp. Biol. Med. 2017, 242, 1086–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jammah, A.A. Endocrine and metabolic complications after bariatric surgery. Saudi J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 269–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moradpour, G.; Amini, M.; Moeinvaziri, N.; Hosseini, S.V.; Rajabi, S.; Clark, C.C.T.; Hosseini, B.; Vafa, L.; Haghighat, N. Bariatric Surgery and COVID-19: What We Have Learned from the Pandemic in Iran: A Retrospective Study. Obes. Surg. 2022, 32, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merzon, E.; Green, I.; Shpigelman, M.; Vinker, S.; Raz, I.; Golan-Cohen, A.; Eldor, R. Haemoglobin A1c is a predictor of COVID-19 severity in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2021, 37, e3398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santa-Cruz, F.; Siqueira, L.T.; Coutinho, L.R.; Leão, L.H.A.; Almeida, A.C.A.; Kreimer, F.; Ferraz, Á.A.B. Is COVID-19 Severity Impacted by Bariatric Surgery in the Early Postoperative Period? Obes. Surg. 2022, 32, 1178–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marchesi, F.; Valente, M.; Riccò, M.; Rottoli, M.; Baldini, E.; Mecheri, F.; Bonilauri, S.; Boschi, S.; Bernante, P.; Sciannamea, A.; et al. Effects of Bariatric Surgery on COVID-19: A Multicentric Study from a High Incidence Area. Obes. Surg. 2021, 31, 2477–2488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blanchard, C.; Perennec, T.; Smati, S.; Tramunt, B.; Guyomarch, B.; Bigot-Corbel, E.; Bordier, L.; Borot, S.; Bourron, O.; Caussy, C.; et al. History of bariatric surgery and COVID-19 outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from the CORONADO study. Obesity 2022, 30, 599–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sagie, S.; Na’amnih, W.; Frej, J.; Cohen, D.; Alpert, G.; Muhsen, K. Correlates of Hospitalizations in Internal Medicine Divisions among Israeli Adults of Different Ethnic Groups with Hypertension, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0215639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Briguglio, M.; Pregliasco, F.E.; Lombardi, G.; Perazzo, P.; Banfi, G. The Malnutritional Status of the Host as a Virulence Factor for New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Front. Med. 2020, 7, 146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chakhtoura, M.; Rahme, M.; El-Hajj Fuleihan, G. Vitamin D Metabolism in Bariatric Surgery. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 2017, 46, 947–982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukherjee, S.B.; Gorohovski, A.; Merzon, E.; Levy, E.; Mukherjee, S.; Frenkel-Morgenstern, M. Seasonal UV exposure and vitamin D: Association with the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in Europe. FEBS Open Bio 2022, 12, 106–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Israel, A.; Cicurel, A.; Feldhamer, I.; Stern, F.; Dror, Y.; Giveon, S.M.; Gillis, D.; Strich, D.; Lavie, G. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: A retrospective case-control study. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2022, 17, 1053–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Annamaria, D.; Domenico, C.; Anna, P.; Santina, L.; Carmela, C.R.; Giovina, D.F.; Salierno, R.; Marco, I.; Alberto, S.; Andrea, O.M.; et al. Contribution of vitamin D3 and thiols status to the outcome of COVID-19 disease in Italian pediatric and adult patients. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 2504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tripathi, A.K.; Mishra, S.K. A review article on neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory role of vitamin-D3 in elderly COVID-19 patients. Egypt J. Neurol. Psychiatr. Neurosurg. 2023, 59, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Núñez-Cortés, R.; López-Bueno, R.; Torres-Castro, R.; Soto-Carmona, C.; Ortega-Palavecinos, M.; Pérez-Alenda, S.; Solis-Navarro, L.; Díaz-Cambronero, Ó.; Martinez-Arnau, F.M.; Calatayud, J. Risk Factors for One-Year Mortality in Hospitalized Adults with Severe COVID-19. Aging Dis. 2023, 14, 14–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Green, I.; Merzon, E.; Vinker, S.; Golan-Cohen, A.; Israel, A.; Scheinowitz, M.; Ishai, R.; Ashkenazi, S.; Magen, E. A higher frequency of physical activity is associated with reduced rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur. J. Gen. Pract. 2022, 7, 2138855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sallis, R.; Young, D.R.; Tartof, S.Y.; Sallis, J.F.; Sall, J.; Li, Q.; Smith, G.N.; Cohen, D.A. Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: A study in 48 440 adult patients. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021, 55, 1099–1105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, D.R.; Sallis, J.F.; Baecker, A.; Cohen, D.A.; Nau, C.L.; Smith, G.N.; Sallis, R.E. Associations of Physical Inactivity and COVID-19 Outcomes Among Subgroups. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2022, 10, 492–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Green, I.; Merzon, E.; Vinker, S.; Golan-Cohen, A.; Magen, E. COVID-19 Susceptibility in Bronchial Asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2021, 9, 684–692.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Israel, A.; Felhamer, E.; Lahad, A.; Levin-Zamit, L.; Lavie, G. Smoking and the risk of COVID-19 in a large observational population study. MedRxiv, 2020; preprint. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montini, F.; Nozzolillo, A.; Rancoita, P.M.V.; Zanetta, C.; Moiola, L.; Cugnata, F.; Esposito, F.; Rocca, M.A.; Martinelli, V.; Filippi, M. Modifiable risk factors of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis: A single-centre case-control study. J. Neurol. 2023, 270, 1835–1842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colombi, D.; Bodini, F.C.; Petrini, M.; Maffi, G.; Morelli, N.; Milanese, G.; Silva, M.; Sverzellati, N.; Michieletti, E. Well-aerated lung on admitting chest CT to predict adverse outcome in COVID-19 Pneumonia. Radiology 2020, 296, E86–E96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan, G.; Xu, J.; Gu, X.; et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020, 395, 497–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gonzalez-Rubio, J.; Navarro-Lopez, C.; Lopez-Najera, E.; Lopez-Najera, A.; Jimenez-Diaz, L.; Navarro-Lopez, J.D.; Najera, A. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and nicotine in COVID-19 patients: Trying to calm the storm. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 1359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tajlil, A.; Ghaffari, S.; Pourafkari, L.; Mashayekhi, S.; Roshanravan, N. Nicotine and smoking in the COVID-19 era. J. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Res. 2020, 12, 136–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McGrath, J.; McDonald, J.W.; Macdonald, J.K. Transdermal nictoine for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2004, 18, CD004722. [Google Scholar]
- Thomas, G.A.O.; Rhodes, J.; Ingram, J.R. Mechanism of disease: Nicotine- a review of its actions in the context of gastrointestinal disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. 2005, 2, 536–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variables | SARS-CoV-2 Positive N = 341 (11.22%) | SARS-CoV-2 Negative N = 2697 (88.78%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ± SD | 40.55 ± 10.27 | 41.176 ± 11.10 | 0.323 | |
Age category | ≤20 | 7 (2.05%) | 76 (2.82%) | 0.638 |
21–40 | 154 (45.16%) | 1150 (42.64%) | ||
41–60 | 170 (49.85%) | 1370 (50.80%) | ||
≥61 | 10 (2.93%) | 101 (3.74%) | ||
Female Gender | 249(73.02%) | 1927 (71.45%) | 0.544 | |
Socioeconomic status | Low | 237 (69.50%) | 1616 (59.92%) | <0.001 |
Middle-High | 104 (30.50%) | 1081 (40.08%) | ||
Smoking | No | 292 (85.88%) | 1967 (74.93%) | <0.001 |
Current | 41 (12.06%) | 600 (22.86%) | ||
Past | 7 (2.06%) | 58 (2.21%) | ||
Types of bariatric surgery | Sleeve gastrectomy | 142 (42.14%) | 1140 (42.24%) | 0.943 |
Gastric bypass | 97 (28.73%) | 776 (28.87%) | ||
Laparoscopic banding | 69 (19.71%) | 530 (19.62%) | ||
Missing data | 33 (9.42%) | 251 (9.27%) | ||
Intensity of physical activity | No | 120 (35.40%) | 1082 (41.58%) | 0.101 |
Occasionally | 119 (35.10%) | 862 (33.13%) | ||
1–3 times a week | 76 (22.42%) | 470 (18.06%) | ||
>3 times a week | 24 (7.08%) | 188 (7.23%) |
Variables | SARS-CoV-2 Positive N = 341 (11.22%) | SARS-CoV-2 Negative N = 2697 (88.78%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) before surgery | 42.95 ± 4.70 | 42.61 ± 4.58 | 0.195 | |
BMI (kg/m2) after surgery | 34.75 ± 7.35 | 34.20 ± 7.18 | 0.180 | |
Weight change after surgery by category | Gain/no change | 28 (8.21%) | 244 (8.31%) | 0.992 |
Loose < 50 kg | 288 (84.46%) | 2280 (84.54%) | ||
Loose ≥ 50 kg | 25 (7.33%) | 193 (7.16%) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 97 (28.45%) | 776 (28.77%) | 0.900 | |
Hypertension | 123 (36.07%) | 984 (35.15%) | 0.738 | |
Hemoglobin (g%) | 12.94 ± 1.78 | 13.00 ± 1.77 | 0.579 | |
Iron level (μg/L) | 71.31 ± 31.10 | 73.12 ± 33.54 | 0.343 | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.88 ± 43.17 | 191.21 ± 41.63 | 0.781 | |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 117.10 ± 36.13 | 115.45 ± 32.97 | 0.390 | |
HDL cholesterol level (mg/dL) | 52.12 ± 12.27 | 51.66 ± 12.92 | 0.534 | |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 114.53 ± 59.45 | 120.98 ± 86.26 | 0.179 | |
Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.68 ± 1.17 | 5.62 ± 0.93 | 0.276 | |
TSH (mU/L) | 2.10 ± 1.67 | 2.23 ± 3.64 | 0.496 | |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.29 ± 8.09 | 1.17 ± 8.90 | 0.811 | |
Urea (mg/dL) | 28.20 ± 10.22 | 28.65 ± 10.85 | 0.465 | |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.20 ± 1.55 | 5.17 ± 1.49 | 0.754 | |
Folic Acid (ng/mL) | 8.90 ± 5.26 | 8.43 ± 5.19 | 0.116 | |
Vitamin D3 (ng/mL) | 17.19 ± 8.55 | 19.09 ± 9.16 | <0.001 | |
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 434.22 ± 245.41 | 427.85 ± 245.08 | 0.651 |
Adjusted Odds Ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p | |
Age categories | <21 | 1 (ref.) | ||
21–40 | 1.566 | 0.64–3.77 | 0.917 | |
41–60 | 1.505 | 0.61–3.69 | 0.372 | |
≥61 | 1.042 | 0.33–3.37 | 0.914 | |
Female gender | 1.042 | 0.71–1.52 | 0.833 | |
Low socioeconomic status | 1.56 | 1.19–2.03 | <0.001 | |
Smoking | No | 1 (ref.) | ||
Current | 0.51 | 0.35–0.73 | <0.001 | |
Past | 0.935 | 0.41–2.10 | 0.872 | |
Weight change category after the bariatric surgery | Gain/no change | 1 (ref.) | ||
Lost < 50 kg | 1.051 | 0.61–1.79 | 0.853 | |
Lost ≥ 50 kg | 1.026 | 0.13–2.44 | 0.953 | |
Frequency of Physical Activity | No | 1 (ref.) | ||
Occasionally | 1.013 | 0.76–1.34 | 0.924 | |
1–3 times a week | 1.123 | 0.84–1.60 | 0.363 | |
>3 times a week | 0.47 | 0.23–0.95 | 0.036 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.949 | 0.69–1.29 | 0.742 | |
Hypertension | 1.068 | 0.80–1.14 | 0.648 | |
Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (Hb A1C ≥ 7%) | 1.29 | 0.98–1.69 | 0.076 | |
Vitamin D3 deficiency * | 1.55 | 1.18–2.02 | <0.001 | |
Vitamin B12 deficiency ** | 1.14 | 0.94–1.33 | 0.058 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Frish, N.; Israel, A.; Ashkenazi, S.; Vinker, S.; Green, I.; Golan-Cohen, A.; Merzon, E. The Association of Weight Reduction and Other Variables after Bariatric Surgery with the Likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4054. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124054
Frish N, Israel A, Ashkenazi S, Vinker S, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Merzon E. The Association of Weight Reduction and Other Variables after Bariatric Surgery with the Likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(12):4054. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124054
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrish, Noam, Ariel Israel, Shai Ashkenazi, Shlomo Vinker, Ilan Green, Avivit Golan-Cohen, and Eugene Merzon. 2023. "The Association of Weight Reduction and Other Variables after Bariatric Surgery with the Likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 Infection" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 12: 4054. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124054