Management of Hemorrhagic Shock: Physiology Approach, Timing and Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cardiac Reserve and Fluid Load Test
1.2. Management Options of Compensated Stable Shock
2. Hypotensive, Unstable, Decompensated, Progressing Shock—Stage III
2.1. Management Outdoors
2.1.1. Titrated Hypotensive Resuscitation
2.1.2. Which Amount of Fluid to Use for HR Tactics?
2.1.3. Which Fluid Is Best?
2.1.4. What to do if THR Fails?
2.1.5. What to Do If the Bleeding Outdoors Is Known to Be Venous?
2.1.6. What Fluid to Give in Prehospital Settings If Continuous Transfusion Is the Choice?
2.1.7. Resumé of Fluid Strategy in Progressing HS Stage III
2.2. Management Indoors
2.3. Where the Bleeding Is Coming From?
3. Critical/In Extremis Shock, Impending Cardiac Arrest/Stroke—Stage IV
3.1. How to Manage Impending CA
3.2. Recent Tactics Used to Prevent Stage V of HS, i.e., Cardiac Arrest by Exsanguination
4. Cardiac Arrest by Exsanguination—Stage V
5. The Essential Damage Control Resuscitation (Damage Control Anesthesia and Damage Control Surgery)
5.1. Titrated-to-Response Anesthesia
5.2. Damage Control Surgery
5.2.1. Metabolic Acidosis
5.2.2. Criteria for DCS
5.2.3. The Real Rationale for Performing DCS
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bonanno, F.G. Management of Hemorrhagic Shock: Physiology Approach, Timing and Strategies. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010260
Bonanno FG. Management of Hemorrhagic Shock: Physiology Approach, Timing and Strategies. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(1):260. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010260
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonanno, Fabrizio G. 2023. "Management of Hemorrhagic Shock: Physiology Approach, Timing and Strategies" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1: 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010260