Prevention of Low Back Pain in Adults with a Back School-Based Intervention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Intervention and Procedure
2.3.1. Data Recording Protocol
2.3.2. Theoretical Sessions
2.3.3. Practical Sessions
2.4. Study Variables
2.4.1. Strength of the Trunk Flexor Musculature
2.4.2. Strength of the Trunk Extensor Musculature
2.4.3. Range of Motion of Back Flexion
2.4.4. Hamstring Flexibility
2.4.5. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.4.6. Medical Visits
2.5. Ethics
2.6. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trunk Flexor Musculature Strength Results
3.2. Trunk Extensor Musculature Strength Results
3.3. Range of Motion Result of Back Flexion
3.4. Hamstring Flexibility Result
3.5. Health-Related Quality of Life Result
3.6. Result of Medical Visits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Session Type | Name | Main Objective of the Session |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Data registry | Pre-test registry | Obtain informed consent and initial sample measurements |
2 | Theory | Anatomy and LBP risk factors | Learn the basics of anatomy, biomechanics, and clarification of erroneous beliefs regarding the causes or origin of LPB |
3–5 | Practice | Exercises without implements. | Do and learn strength and flexibility exercises without implements |
6 | Theory | Psychosocial LBP risk factors | Learn about psychosocial LBP factors and to learn stress management techniques |
7–8 | Practice | Exercises without implements | Do and learn strength and flexibility exercises without implements |
9–11 | Practice | Exercises with elastic band | Do and learn strength and flexibility exercises with light resistance band |
12–14 | Practice | Exercises with Toning Ball | Do and learn strength and flexibility exercises with the 0.5 kg toning ball |
15–17 | Practice | Exercises with dumbbell | Do and learn strength and flexibility exercises with the 1 kg dumbbell |
18 | Data registry | Post-test registry | Obtain participants’ measurements at the end of the intervention |
19 | Data registry | Post-test phone call | Obtain number of medical visits due to LBP in the last year |
Name | Starting Position | End Position | Duration (min) |
---|---|---|---|
Squat | 2 | ||
Isometric abdominal | 0.5 | ||
Alternate leg extension | 2 | ||
Isometric abdominal | 0.5 | ||
Alternative arm/leg extension | 2 | ||
Lateral leg raises; change sides every 30 s | 2 | ||
Lateral trunk raise; change sides every 30 s | 2 | ||
Arm/leg raise; change sides every 30 s | 2 | ||
Shoulder bridge | 2 | ||
Abdominal exercise with slowly forced expiration | 1 | ||
Oblique abdominal exercise with slowly forced expiration | 2 | ||
Roll onto the back, keeping knees to chest | 1 | ||
Abdominal exercise raising opposite arm/leg with slowly forced expiration | 2 | ||
Roll from one sacroiliac to the other, keeping knees to chest | 1 | ||
Abdominal exercise with slowly forced expiration with leg raise to 45 degrees | 2 | ||
Alternative leg lifts with spine elongation | 2 | ||
Alternative arm/leg lifts with spine elongation | 2 | ||
Simultaneous arm/leg lifts with spine elongation | 2 |
Variable | ALL (n = 56) | CG (n = 26) | EG (n = 30) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X ± SD | Median | X ± SD | Median | X ± SD | Median | ||
Age (Years) | 46.7 ± 10.5 | 50 | 46.1 ± 10.8 | 49.5 | 46.7 ± 9.3 | 47.5 | 0.82 |
Weight (Kg) | 66.2 ± 8.8 | 57.7 | 61.6 ± 8.7 | 58.7 | 59.1 ± 8.9 | 56 | 0.29 |
Height (cm) | 161.1 ± 9.2 | 158.6 | 163.2 ± 9.4 | 160.5 | 159.3 ± 8.8 | 157 | 0.12 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 1.2 | 23.2 | 23 ± 1.3 | 23.3 | 23.2 ± 1.2 | 23.1 | 0.72 |
PCT | 27.8 ± 3.6 | 28 | 26.7 ± 3 | 26 | 27.4 ± 3.9 | 27 | 0.44 |
BST | 109.1 ± 13.6 | 110 | 107 ± 10.4 | 110 | 106 ± 14.6 | 110 | 0.77 |
MST | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 6.7 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 6.6 | 6.6 ± 0.5 | 6.7 | 0.91 |
TTT | 0.8 ± 4.9 | 2 | 0 ± 4.8 | 0 | −0.7 ± 4.5 | −1.2 | 0.58 |
fSF-36 | 58.6 ± 4.7 | 57.9 | 58.3 ± 3.8 | 58.3 | 58.4 ± 5.2 | 57.9 | 0.97 |
pSF-36 | 57.5 ± 3.6 | 57.6 | 56.8 ± 3.7 | 57.9 | 58 ± 3.6 | 57.2 | 0.25 |
Variable | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Group | M | Group × M | Cohen’s d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | |||||
PCT | CG | 26.7 | [25.5–27.9] | 26.8 | [25.5–28] | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.75 |
EG | 27.4 | [26–28.9] | 30.2 | [28.9–31.4] | |||||
BST | CG | 107 | [102.8–111.2] | 105.6 | [101.3–109.8] | 0.03 | 0.048 | 0.01 | 0.77 |
EG | 106 | [100.5–111.5] | 117.2 | [111.7–122.6] | |||||
MST | CG | 6.6 | [6.4–6.8] | 6.6 | [6.4–6.8] | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.82 |
EG | 6.6 | [6.4–6.8] | 7 | [6.8–7.3] | |||||
TTT | CG | 0 | [−2–2] | −0.1 | [−2–1.6] | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.02 |
EG | −0.7 | [−2.4–1] | 3.8 | [2.2–5.5] | |||||
fSF-36 | CG | 58.3 | [56.8–59.9] | 57.9 | [55.8–60] | 0.27 | 0.62 | 0.3 | 0.28 |
EG | 58.4 | [56.5–60.3] | 59.8 | [58.1–61.5] | |||||
pSF-36 | CG | 56.8 | [55.3–58.4] | 56.5 | [55.2–57.8] | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.51 | 0.15 |
EG | 58 | [56.7–59.3] | 58.5 | [57.2–59.9] |
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Hernandez-Lucas, P.; Lopez-Barreiro, J.; Garcia-Soidan, J.L.; Romo-Perez, V. Prevention of Low Back Pain in Adults with a Back School-Based Intervention. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5367. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225367
Hernandez-Lucas P, Lopez-Barreiro J, Garcia-Soidan JL, Romo-Perez V. Prevention of Low Back Pain in Adults with a Back School-Based Intervention. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(22):5367. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225367
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernandez-Lucas, Pablo, Juan Lopez-Barreiro, Jose Luis Garcia-Soidan, and Vicente Romo-Perez. 2021. "Prevention of Low Back Pain in Adults with a Back School-Based Intervention" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 22: 5367. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225367