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Membranes
Volume 12
Issue 3
10.3390/membranes12030268
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Article

Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride Contents on Structures, Properties, and Ultrafiltration Performances of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Membranes

by
Fitri Khoerunnisa
1,*,
Mita Nurhayati
1,
Noor Azmi Aulia Annisa
1,
Siti Fatimah
2,
Nisa Nashrah
2,
Hendrawan Hendrawan
1,
Young-Gun Ko
2,
Eng-Poh Ng
3 and
Pakorn Opaprakasit
4,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Indonesia University of Education, Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
2
School of Material Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
3
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
4
School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12121, Thailand
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Membranes 2022, 12(3), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030268
Submission received: 16 January 2022 / Revised: 5 February 2022 / Accepted: 7 February 2022 / Published: 25 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue in Honor of Professor Ahmad Fauzi Ismail)
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Abstract

The effects of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) contents on the structure, properties, and ultrafiltration performance of chitosan-based nanocomposite membranes containing poly(ethylene glycol) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (chitosan/BKC/PEG/CNT) were examined. The membranes were prepared by a mixing solution method and phase inversion before being characterized with microscopic techniques, tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, water contact angle, and porosity measurements. The performance of the nanocomposite membranes in regard to permeability (flux) and permselectivity (rejection) was examined. The results show that the incorporation of BKC produced nanocomposite membranes with smaller pore structures and improved physico-chemical properties, such as an increase in porosity and surface roughness (Ra = 45.15 to 145.35 nm and Rq = 53.69 to 167.44 nm), an enhancement in the elongation at break from 45 to 109%, and an enhancement in the mechanical strength from 31.2 to 45.8 MPa. In contrast, a decrease in the membrane hydrophilicity (water contact angle increased from 56.3 to 82.8°) and a decrease in the average substructure pore size from 32.64 to 10.08 nm were observed. The membrane rejection performances toward Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) increased with the BKC composition in both dead-end and cross-flow filtration processes. The chitosan/BKC/PEG/CNT nanocomposite membranes have great potential in wastewater treatments for minimizing biofouling without reducing the water purification performance.
Keywords: nanocomposite membranes; chitosan; ultrafiltration; permeability; rejection nanocomposite membranes; chitosan; ultrafiltration; permeability; rejection
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MDPI and ACS Style

Khoerunnisa, F.; Nurhayati, M.; Annisa, N.A.A.; Fatimah, S.; Nashrah, N.; Hendrawan, H.; Ko, Y.-G.; Ng, E.-P.; Opaprakasit, P. Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride Contents on Structures, Properties, and Ultrafiltration Performances of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Membranes. Membranes 2022, 12, 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030268

AMA Style

Khoerunnisa F, Nurhayati M, Annisa NAA, Fatimah S, Nashrah N, Hendrawan H, Ko Y-G, Ng E-P, Opaprakasit P. Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride Contents on Structures, Properties, and Ultrafiltration Performances of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Membranes. Membranes. 2022; 12(3):268. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030268

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khoerunnisa, Fitri, Mita Nurhayati, Noor Azmi Aulia Annisa, Siti Fatimah, Nisa Nashrah, Hendrawan Hendrawan, Young-Gun Ko, Eng-Poh Ng, and Pakorn Opaprakasit. 2022. "Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride Contents on Structures, Properties, and Ultrafiltration Performances of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Membranes" Membranes 12, no. 3: 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030268

APA Style

Khoerunnisa, F., Nurhayati, M., Annisa, N. A. A., Fatimah, S., Nashrah, N., Hendrawan, H., Ko, Y.-G., Ng, E.-P., & Opaprakasit, P. (2022). Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride Contents on Structures, Properties, and Ultrafiltration Performances of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Membranes. Membranes, 12(3), 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030268

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