Impact of Sidestream Pre-Treatment on Ammonia Recovery by Membrane Contactors: Experimental and Economic Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Reagent and Wastewater Source
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Experimental Set-Up
2.3.1. Coagulant Selection
2.3.2. Determination of the Optimal Operational Conditions for the C/F Process
2.3.3. Coagulation Test for the Optimal Coagulant Conditions and Dosage
2.3.4. Flocculation Test
2.3.5. Aeration Tests
2.3.6. Flat-Sheet Membrane Contactor
2.4. Analytical Methods
2.5. Economic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Coagulant and Dosage Selection for the C/F Process
3.2. Optimization of the Operating Conditions for the C/F Process
3.3. Flocculation Stage
3.4. Aeration Stage
3.5. Flat-Sheet Membrane Contactor Stage
3.6. Economic Analysis
3.6.1. Economic Feasibility of Membrane Contactor Implementation
3.6.2. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N.º | Coagulant Used | Author |
---|---|---|
1 | Tanfloc POP | [30] |
2 | Al2(SO4)3 | [31] |
3 | FeCl3 | [32] |
4 | FeCl3 + Clay Minerals | [33] |
5 | Lactic Acid | [34] |
6 | AlCl3 | [34] |
Coagulant | Dosage (mg/L) | Mixing Time (min) | Mixing Speed (rpm) | Settling Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Optimal coagulant | 10 | 5 | 200 | 30 |
30 | ||||
50 | ||||
100 | ||||
200 | ||||
400 | ||||
800 |
Variable | Units | Studied Range |
---|---|---|
Mixing time (MT) | min | 5; 15; 25 |
Mixing velocity (MV) | Rpm | 100; 175; 250 |
Resting time (RT) | min | 15; 30; 45 |
Parameter | Value | Unity |
---|---|---|
Sodium | 474.4 ± 18.4 | mg/L |
TAN | 650 ± 64.5 | mg/L |
Potassium | 146.6 ± 7.6 | mg/L |
Magnesium | 33.6 ± 13.4 | mg/L |
Calcium | 90.5 ± 26.8 | mg/L |
Chlorine | 348.0 ± 15.4 | mg/L |
Nitrate | 30.7 ± 8.8 | mg/L |
Phosphate | 138.1 ± 30.2 | mg/L |
Sulphate | 37.5 ± 10.8 | mg/L |
Carbonates | 3366.7 ± 792.5 | mg/L |
Turbidity | 275.1 ± 106.2 | NTU |
COD | 786.0 ± 126.7 | mg O2/L |
TSS | 235.0 ± 104.7 | mg/L |
pH | 8.2 ± 0.1 | -- |
Coagulant | COD Removal (%) | Turbidity Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|
Al2(SO4)3 | 50.2 ± 1.1 | 82.3 ± 1.1 |
Derypol HT20 | 36.0 ± 0.3 | 84.7 ± 0.4 |
FeCl3 | 38.9 ± 0.3 | 74.2 ± 1.7 |
Dosage | Al2(SO4)3 | FeCl3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/L) | COD Removal | Turbidity Reduction | pH | COD | Turbidity Reduction | pH |
10 | 51.5 ± 1.2 | 80.4 ± 2.8 | 8.0 | 42.5 ± 0.7 | 60.3 ± 1.2 | 8.0 |
30 | 56.2 ± 1.0 | 85.5 ± 4.4 | 7.7 | 48.0 ± 0.9 | 71.2 ± 1.2 | 7.9 |
50 | 50.1 ± 1.7 | 82.3 ± 3.5 | 7.4 | 38.9 ± 1.6 | 74.2 ± 2.4 | 7.7 |
100 | 41.1 ± 0.9 | 76.7 ± 1.2 | 7.1 | 41.5 ± 1.9 | 80.6 ± 3.4 | 7.4 |
200 | 62.1 ± 1.2 | 86.6 ± 4.0 | 6.9 | 45.1 ± 2.1 | 87.9 ± 3.3 | 7.1 |
400 | 66.7 ± 2.5 | 82.2 ± 1.7 | 6.1 | 50.0 ± 1.9 | 90.4 ± 4.1 | 6.7 |
600 | 64.7 ± 2.1 | 55.5 ± 2.4 | 4.3 | 52.5 ± 1.8 | 95.7 ± 3.4 | 6.4 |
800 | 66.9 ± 1.0 | 27.3 ± 3.3 | 4.1 | 51.8 ± 1.7 | 97.0 ±3.0 | 5.8 |
Variables | Studied Conditions | Parameters | Experimental Removal (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Mixing time | 5 min | COD | 58.1 ± 0.3 |
Mixing velocity | 100 rpm | TSS | 94.9 ± 0.2 |
Settling time | 30 min | Turbidity | 89.8 ± 0.8 |
Study | Mass Transfer (m/s) | Flow Rate (mL/min) | Type of Contactor | Initial [NH3] g/L | % Removal | Pre-Treatment | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This study | 1.0 × 10−5 | 450 mL/min | FS-LLMC (PTFE) | 0.9 | 66.6 | C/F and Aeration | Sidestream |
[14] | 8.8 × 10−7 | 450 mL/min | HF-LLMC (PP) | 3.9 | 76.1 | Ion-exchange | Sidestream |
[50] | 8.9 × 10−6 | 920 mL/min | HF-LLMC (PVDF) | 2–10 | 90.0 | - | Synthetic |
[15] | 2.9 × 10−7 | 770 mL/min | HF-LLMC (PMP) | 5.0 | 93.1 | - | Synthetic |
[51] | 1.89 × 10−6 | 450 mL/min | HF-LLMC (PP) | 1.7 | 85 | Sorption | Sidestream |
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Aguilar-Moreno, M.; Vinardell, S.; Reig, M.; Vecino, X.; Valderrama, C.; Cortina, J.L. Impact of Sidestream Pre-Treatment on Ammonia Recovery by Membrane Contactors: Experimental and Economic Evaluation. Membranes 2022, 12, 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121251
Aguilar-Moreno M, Vinardell S, Reig M, Vecino X, Valderrama C, Cortina JL. Impact of Sidestream Pre-Treatment on Ammonia Recovery by Membrane Contactors: Experimental and Economic Evaluation. Membranes. 2022; 12(12):1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121251
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguilar-Moreno, Miguel, Sergi Vinardell, Mònica Reig, Xanel Vecino, César Valderrama, and José Luis Cortina. 2022. "Impact of Sidestream Pre-Treatment on Ammonia Recovery by Membrane Contactors: Experimental and Economic Evaluation" Membranes 12, no. 12: 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121251