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Volume 12
Issue 8
10.3390/vaccines12080924
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Article

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in Anti-CD20-Treated Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Show Immunosenescence in Antigen-Specific B and T Cells

by
Sara De Biasi
1,*,†,
Alin Liviu Ciobanu
1,†,
Elena Santacroce
1,
Domenico Lo Tartaro
1,
Gianluca Degliesposti
1,
Miriam D’Angerio
1,
Maristella Leccese
1,
Martina Cardi
2,
Tommaso Trenti
3,
Michela Cuccorese
3,
Lara Gibellini
1,
Diana Ferraro
2 and
Andrea Cossarizza
1,4
1
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
2
AOU Policlinico di Modena, Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
3
AOU Policlinico di Modena, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 41124 Modena, Italy
4
National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Share co-first authorship.
Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080924
Submission received: 1 July 2024 / Revised: 8 August 2024 / Accepted: 9 August 2024 / Published: 17 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response after Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Diseases)
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Abstract

Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) shows that inflammation starts early and progresses with age. B cells play a central role in this process, contributing to cytokine production, defective regulatory functions, and abnormal immunoglobulin production, even in the central nervous system. Anti-CD20 (aCD20) therapies, which deplete CD20+ B cells, are largely used in the treatment of both relapsing remitting (RR) and progressive (PR) forms of MS. Although effective against MS symptoms and lesions detectable by magnetic resonance imaging, aCD20 therapies can reduce the immune response to COVID-19 vaccination. By using high-parameter flow cytometry, we examined the antigen-specific (Ag+) immune response six months post-third COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in MS patients with RR and PR forms on aCD20 therapy. Despite lower Ag+ B cell responses and lower levels of anti-SARS-CoV2, both total and neutralizing antibodies, RR and PR patients developed strong Ag+ T cell responses. We observed similar percentages and numbers of Ag+ CD4+ T cells and a high proportion of Ag+ CD8+ T cells, with slight differences in T cell phenotype and functionality; this, however, suggested the presence of differences in immune responses driven by age and disease severity.
Keywords: multiple sclerosis; immune response; vaccines; phenotyping; biomarkers; flow cytometry; immunosenescence multiple sclerosis; immune response; vaccines; phenotyping; biomarkers; flow cytometry; immunosenescence

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MDPI and ACS Style

De Biasi, S.; Ciobanu, A.L.; Santacroce, E.; Lo Tartaro, D.; Degliesposti, G.; D’Angerio, M.; Leccese, M.; Cardi, M.; Trenti, T.; Cuccorese, M.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in Anti-CD20-Treated Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Show Immunosenescence in Antigen-Specific B and T Cells. Vaccines 2024, 12, 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080924

AMA Style

De Biasi S, Ciobanu AL, Santacroce E, Lo Tartaro D, Degliesposti G, D’Angerio M, Leccese M, Cardi M, Trenti T, Cuccorese M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in Anti-CD20-Treated Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Show Immunosenescence in Antigen-Specific B and T Cells. Vaccines. 2024; 12(8):924. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080924

Chicago/Turabian Style

De Biasi, Sara, Alin Liviu Ciobanu, Elena Santacroce, Domenico Lo Tartaro, Gianluca Degliesposti, Miriam D’Angerio, Maristella Leccese, Martina Cardi, Tommaso Trenti, Michela Cuccorese, and et al. 2024. "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in Anti-CD20-Treated Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Show Immunosenescence in Antigen-Specific B and T Cells" Vaccines 12, no. 8: 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080924

APA Style

De Biasi, S., Ciobanu, A. L., Santacroce, E., Lo Tartaro, D., Degliesposti, G., D’Angerio, M., Leccese, M., Cardi, M., Trenti, T., Cuccorese, M., Gibellini, L., Ferraro, D., & Cossarizza, A. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in Anti-CD20-Treated Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Show Immunosenescence in Antigen-Specific B and T Cells. Vaccines, 12(8), 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080924

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