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Vaccines
Volume 12
Issue 4
10.3390/vaccines12040416
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Article

The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization

by
Rolf Hetlelid Olsen
1,
Frode Finne-Fridell
1,2,
Marianne Bordevik
1,
Anja Nygaard
1,
Binoy Rajan
1 and
Marius Karlsen
1,*
1
PHARMAQ AS, 0275 Oslo, Norway
2
Pure Salmon Technology, 3241 Sandefjord, Norway
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2024, 12(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416
Submission received: 18 March 2024 / Revised: 9 April 2024 / Accepted: 11 April 2024 / Published: 15 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Vaccine Design, Development, and Delivery)
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Abstract

Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), caused by the bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis, is the main reason for antibiotic usage in the Chilean aquaculture industry. In 2016, a live attenuated vaccine (ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS, PHARMAQ AS) was licensed in Chile and has been widely used in farmed salmonids since then. In experimental injection and cohabitation laboratory challenge models, we found that the vaccine is effective in protecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for at least 15 months against P. salmonis-induced mortality. However, the protection offered by the vaccine is sensitive to temperature during immunization. Fish vaccinated and immunized at 10 °C and above were well protected, but those immunized at 7 °C and 8 °C (the lower end of the temperature range commonly found in Chile) experienced a significant loss of protection. This temperature-dependent loss of effect correlated with the amount of vaccine-strain RNA detected in the liver the first week after vaccination and with in vitro growth curves, which failed to detect any growth at 8 °C. We found that good vaccine efficacy can be restored by exposing fish to 15 °C for the first five days after vaccination before lowering the temperature to 7 °C for the remaining immunization period. This suggests that maintaining the correct temperature during the first few days after vaccination is crucial for achieving a protective immune response with ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS. Our results emphasize the importance of temperature control when vaccinating poikilothermic animals with live vaccines.
Keywords: Atlantic salmon; Piscirickettsia salmonis; salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS); vaccine; ALPHA JECT LiVac SRS Atlantic salmon; Piscirickettsia salmonis; salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS); vaccine; ALPHA JECT LiVac SRS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Olsen, R.H.; Finne-Fridell, F.; Bordevik, M.; Nygaard, A.; Rajan, B.; Karlsen, M. The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization. Vaccines 2024, 12, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416

AMA Style

Olsen RH, Finne-Fridell F, Bordevik M, Nygaard A, Rajan B, Karlsen M. The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization. Vaccines. 2024; 12(4):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olsen, Rolf Hetlelid, Frode Finne-Fridell, Marianne Bordevik, Anja Nygaard, Binoy Rajan, and Marius Karlsen. 2024. "The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization" Vaccines 12, no. 4: 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416

APA Style

Olsen, R. H., Finne-Fridell, F., Bordevik, M., Nygaard, A., Rajan, B., & Karlsen, M. (2024). The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization. Vaccines, 12(4), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416

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