Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and Their Correlations with Flavonoids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Preparation of Sample Extraction
2.4. Antioxidant Assays of M. oleifera
2.4.1. DPPH Assay
2.4.2. ABTS Assay
2.4.3. FRAP Assay
2.5. Determinations of Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
2.6. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of M. oleifera
2.7. HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Antioxidant Activity of M. oleifera Leaves, Seeds and Roots
3.2. Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
3.3. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.4. Analysis of M. oleifera Leaves, Seeds and Roots by HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS
3.4.1. Saccharides and Nitrile Glycosides
3.4.2. Organic Acids and Phenylpropanoids
3.4.3. Glucosinolates
3.4.4. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | IC50 of DPPH * (mg/mL) | IC50 of ABTS * (mg/mL) | FRAP * (mM Fe2+/g) | TFC * (mg RE/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | 1.87 ± 0.03 c | 1.36 ± 0.02 b | 0.99 ± 0.06 a | 192.36 ± 2.96 a |
Seeds | >64 a | 40.35 ± 1.47 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 5.89 ± 0.65 c |
Roots | 3.33 ± 0.11 b | 1.24 ± 0.03 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 106.79 ± 2.12 b |
Trolox | 0.10 ± 0.01 d | NT * | NT | NT |
Ascorbic acid | 0.05 ± 0.00 e | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | NT | NT |
Peak No. a | RT b (min) | [M−H]− | Molecule Formula | MS2 (m/z) | Identification | Part c | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saccharides | |||||||
1 | 2.83 | 665 | C24H42O21 | 485, 383, 341, 179 | Cellotetraose | S | [38] |
3 | 2.88 | 341 | C12H22O11 | 179, 161, 131, 119, 113, 101, 89 | Sucrose | L, S, R | [39] |
4 | 2.90 | 503 | C18H32O16 | 383, 323, 281, 221, 179, 119, 89 | Cellotriose | S, R | [38] |
Phenylpropanoids | |||||||
2 | 2.87 | 367 | C17H20O9 | 277, 205, 187, 157, 113 | Methyl 4-caffeoylquinate | R | [41] |
Nitrile Glycosides | |||||||
5 | 2.95 | 278 | C14H17NO5 | 212, 188, 158, 116, 101 | Niazirin | L | [41] |
Organic acids | |||||||
6 | 3.20 | 191 | C7H12O6 | 173, 127, 111, 85 | Quinic acid isomer 1 | R | [42] |
10 | 10.55 | 191 | C7H12O6 | 173, 127, 87, 85 | Quinic acid isomer 2 | L | [42] |
Glucosinolates | |||||||
7 | 7.94 | 586 | C20H29NO15S2 | 440, 390, 344, 259, 198, 164, 97 | 3-Hydroxy-4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl glucosinolate | S | [9] |
8 | 8.44 | 570 | C20H29NO14S2 | 490, 328, 275, 259, 241, 97, 96 | Glucomoringin | L, S, R | [9] |
11 | 16.90 | 408 | C14H19NO9S2 | 259, 241, 215, 212, 195, 166, 97 | Glucotropaeolin | R | [9] |
12 | 20.20 | 612 | C22H31NO15S2 | 370, 275, 259, 241, 106, 97 | Acetyl-4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl glucosinolate | L | [9] |
Phenolic acids | |||||||
9 | 10.44 | 353 | C16H18O9 | 191, 179, 135 | 3-Caffeoylquinic acid | L | [43] |
Flavonoids | |||||||
13 | 22.03 | 609 | C27H30O16 | 301, 300, 271 | Rutin | L | standard |
14 | 23.65 | 463 | C21H20O12 | 301, 300, 271 | Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | L | [2] |
15 | 26.47 | 505 | C23H22O13 | 301, 300, 271 | Quercetin-acetyl-glycoside | L | [2] |
16 | 26.61 | 447 | C21H20O11 | 285, 284, 255 | Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | L | [2] |
17 | 29.75 | 489 | C23H22O12 | 285, 284, 255 | Kaempferol-acetyl-glycoside | L | [2] |
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Xu, Y.-B.; Chen, G.-L.; Guo, M.-Q. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and Their Correlations with Flavonoids. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080296
Xu Y-B, Chen G-L, Guo M-Q. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and Their Correlations with Flavonoids. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8):296. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080296
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yong-Bing, Gui-Lin Chen, and Ming-Quan Guo. 2019. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and Their Correlations with Flavonoids" Antioxidants 8, no. 8: 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080296