Water Stress, Irrigation and Concentrations of Pentacyclic Triterpenes and Phenols in Olea europaea L. cv. Picual Olive Trees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Drugs
2.2. Experimental Design, Olive Tree Material and Sampling
2.3. Extraction and Quantification of Triterpenic Compounds
2.4. Extraction and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EO | erythrodiol |
HPLC-UV/Vis | ultraviolet-visible high-performance liquid chromatography system |
HPLC-MS | mass high-performance liquid chromatography system |
HTyr | hydroxytyrosol |
IR | irrigated |
MA | maslinic acid |
OA | oleanolic acid |
Ole | oleuropein |
Tyr | tyrosol |
UO | uvaol |
WS | water-stressed |
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Parameter | Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) |
---|---|---|
Ripeness index | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.02 |
Fruit weights (g) | 2.32 ± 0.13 | 0.83 ± 0.03 * |
Stone weights (g) | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.01 * |
Pulp weights (g) | 1.64 ± 0.12 | 0.39 ± 0.03 * |
Seed weights (g) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
Humidity of fruits (%) | 55.00 ± 3.03 | 42.42 ± 0.07 * |
Humidity of leaves (%) | 48.18 ± 0.05 | 35.05 ± 0.30 * |
Humidity of stems (%) | 45.56 ± 1.02 | 37.11 ± 0.04 * |
Humidity of roots (%) | 42.44 ± 0.89 | 34.05 ± 1.39 * |
Compound | Fruit | Leaf | Stem | Root | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | |
Maslinic acid mg/g dry weight | 6.00 ± 0.30 | 8.39 ± 3.53 * | 3.28 ± 0.53 | 2.98 ± 0.22 | 2.10 ± 0.13 | 1.82 ± 0.28 | 0.015 ± 0.004 | 0.016 ± 0.008 |
mg/g fresh weight | 2.91 ± 0.20 | 3.53 ± 0.33 * | 1.81 ± 0.44 | 1.36 ± 0.16 | 1.02 ± 0.08 | 1.00 ± 0.27 | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.010 ± 0.006 |
Oleanolic acid mg/g dry weight | 3.13 ± 0.16 | 4.20 ± 0.30 * | 18.92 ± 2.61 | 21.83 ± 2.31 | 7.17 ± 0.58 | 6.30 ± 0.78 | 0.060 ± 0.021 | 0.051 ± 0.022 |
mg/g fresh weight | 1.71 ± 0.08 | 1.98 ± 0.26 | 10.00 ± 1.36 | 10.50 ± 2.44 | 3.38 ± 0.37 | 2.99 ± 0.93 | 0.032 ± 0.013 | 0.031 ± 0.015 |
Betulinic acid g/g dry weight | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 1.133 ± 0.382 | 1.013 ± 0.370 |
mg/g fresh weight | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.627 ± 0.013 | 0.604 ± 0.271 |
Erythrodiol mg/g dry weight | nd | nd | 0.92 ± 0.30 | 1.29 ± 0.21 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.14 * | nd | nd |
mg/g fresh weight | nd | nd | 0.48 ± 0.14 | 0.58 ± 0.10 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.12 * | nd | nd |
Uvaol mg/g dry weight | nd | nd | 2.05 ± 0.48 | 2.88 ± 0.44 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.29 ± 0.07 | nd | nd |
mg/g fresh weight | nd | nd | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 1.34 ± 0.12 * | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.06 | nd | nd |
Compound | Fruit | Leaf | Stem | Root | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | Irrigation (IR) | Water-Stressed (WS) | |
Oleuropein mg/g dry weight | 12.27 ± 1.60 | 153.21 ± 0.51* | 62.00 ± 0.63 | 49.20 ± 3.07 * | 8.42 ± 0.01 | 92.04 ± 0.23 * | 62.05 ± 0.31 | 43.86 ± 0.05 * |
mg/g fresh weight | 7.04 ± 0.65 | 85.80 ± 0.29 | 32.00 ± 0.32 | 33.48 ± 2.12 | 4.57 ± 0.01 | 59.00 ± 0.15 * | 36.86 ± 0.19 | 31.23 ± 0.04 |
Tyrosol mg/g dry weight | 0.62 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.02 * | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 1.29 ± 0.09 | 0.78 ± 0.05 * | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 * |
mg/g fresh weight | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.50 ± 0.01 * | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.05 * | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 * |
Hydroxytyrosol mg/g dry weight | 1.81 ± 0.03 | 1.17 ± 0.17 * | 0.69 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.05 * | 1.34 ± 0.02 | 1.39 ± 0.08 | 0.71 ± 0.12 | 0.59 ± 0.03 |
mg/g fresh weight | 0.73 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.05 * | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.04 * | 0.73 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.01 |
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Jiménez-Herrera, R.; Pacheco-López, B.; Peragón, J. Water Stress, Irrigation and Concentrations of Pentacyclic Triterpenes and Phenols in Olea europaea L. cv. Picual Olive Trees. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080294
Jiménez-Herrera R, Pacheco-López B, Peragón J. Water Stress, Irrigation and Concentrations of Pentacyclic Triterpenes and Phenols in Olea europaea L. cv. Picual Olive Trees. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080294
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Herrera, Raquel, Beatriz Pacheco-López, and Juan Peragón. 2019. "Water Stress, Irrigation and Concentrations of Pentacyclic Triterpenes and Phenols in Olea europaea L. cv. Picual Olive Trees" Antioxidants 8, no. 8: 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080294