Carnosine Decreases PMA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Murine Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Cell Culture and Preparation
2.3. Superoxide Anion Levels Determination Using Microchip Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence (ME-LIF) and MitoSOX Red Probe
2.4. HPLC Analysis of Metabolites
2.5. Gene Expression Analysis by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
2.6. Western Blot Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Carnosine Effects on PMA-Induced O2−• Production in Cultured Macrophages
3.2. Influence of Carnosine on Energy Metabolism of Cultured Macrophages
3.3. Carnosine Effects on PMA-Induced Inflammatory Response of Cultured Macrophages
3.4. Carnosine Effects on PMA-Induced Akt Phosphorylation in Cultured Macrophages
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Official Name # | Official Symbol | Alternative Titles/Symbols | Detected Transcript | Amplicon Length | Cat. No. † |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible | Nos2 | iNOS; Nos-2; Nos2a; i-NOS; NOS-II; MAC-NOS | NM_010927 | 118 bp | QT00100275 |
NADPH oxidase 1 | Nox1 | MOX1; NOH1; NOH-1; NOX1a; Nox-1; GP91-2; NOX1alpha | NM_172203 XM_006528515 | 180 bp | QT00140091 |
cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide | Cybb | Cgd; Cyd; Nox2; C88302; gp91-1; gp91phox; CGD91-phox | NM_007807 XM_006527565 | 146 bp | QT00139797 |
interleukin 1 beta | Il1b | Il-1b; IL-1beta; IL-1β | NM_008361 XM_006498795 | 150 bp 682 bp | QT01048355 |
tumor necrosis factor | Tnf | DIF; Tnfa; TNF-a; TNFSF2; Tnlg1f; Tnfsf1a; TNFalpha; TNF-alpha; TNF-α | NM_013693 NM_001278601 | 112 bp 112 bp | QT00104006 |
interleukin 6 | Il6 | Il-6 | NM_031168 | 128 bp | QT00098875 |
interleukin 4 | Il4 | Il-4; BSF-1 | NM_021283 | 132 bp | QT02418311 |
interleukin 10 | Il10 | CSIF; Il-10 | NM_010548 | 103 bp | QT00106169 |
transforming growth factor, beta 1 | Tgfb1 | Tgfb; Tgfb-1; TGFbeta1; TGF-beta1 | NM_011577 | 145 bp | QT00145250 |
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | Gapdh | Gapd | NM_008084 XM_001003314 XM_990238 NM_001289726 | 144 bp | QT01658692 |
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Caruso, G.; Fresta, C.G.; Fidilio, A.; O’Donnell, F.; Musso, N.; Lazzarino, G.; Grasso, M.; Amorini, A.M.; Tascedda, F.; Bucolo, C.; et al. Carnosine Decreases PMA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Murine Macrophages. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080281
Caruso G, Fresta CG, Fidilio A, O’Donnell F, Musso N, Lazzarino G, Grasso M, Amorini AM, Tascedda F, Bucolo C, et al. Carnosine Decreases PMA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Murine Macrophages. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8):281. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080281
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaruso, Giuseppe, Claudia G. Fresta, Annamaria Fidilio, Fergal O’Donnell, Nicolò Musso, Giacomo Lazzarino, Margherita Grasso, Angela M. Amorini, Fabio Tascedda, Claudio Bucolo, and et al. 2019. "Carnosine Decreases PMA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Murine Macrophages" Antioxidants 8, no. 8: 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080281