Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemical Composition of Spices and Their Antioxidant Activity
2.1. Rosmarinic Acid in Spices
2.2. Flavonoids in Spices
3. Methods for Antioxidant Extraction and Determination
3.1. Extraction Techniques for Antioxidant in Spices
3.2. Analytical Methods Applied to Antioxidant Capacities Determination in Spices
4. Effect of Spices on Human Health and Other Applications
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spices and Herbs | Important Chemical Constituents |
---|---|
Cloves | Eugenol, isoeugenol, acetyleugenol, sesquiterpene, pinene, vanillin, gallic acid, flavonoids, phenolic acids |
Cinnamon | Eugenol, limonene, terpineol, catechins, proanthocyanidins, tannins, linalool, safrole, pinene, methyleugenol, benzaldehyde |
Cardamon | Limonene, 1,8-cineole, terpinolene, myrcene, caffeic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, pelargonidin |
Coriander | Linalool, borneol, geraniol, terpineol, cumene, pinene, terpinene, quercetin, kaempferol, caffeic, ferulic, n-coumaric and vanillic acids, rutin, tocopherols, pyrogallol |
Saffron | Crocins (water soluble carotenoids), safranal, flavonoids, gallic, caffeic, ferulic, n-catechuic, syringic, salicylic, and vanillic acids |
Turmeric | Curcumins, essential oils, eugenol, carotene, ascorbic acid, caffeic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, vanillic acid |
Ginger | Gingerol, turmeric, paradol, geraniol, geranial, borneol, linalool, camphene, zingerol, zingiberon |
Anise | Camphene, pinene, linalool, trans-, cis-anetholes, eugenol, acetanisole, rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, isoorientin |
Caraway | Monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, aromatic aldehydes, terpene esters, terpenol, terpenal, terpenon, limonene, safranal, kaempferol, quercetin, tannins, caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and chlorogenic acids |
Fenugreek | Sesquiterpenes, aromatic aldehydes, terpenes |
Black pepper | Piperine, pinene, camphene, limonene, terpenes, piperidine, isoquercetin, sarmentine |
Oregano | Apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, myricetin, diosmetin, eriodictyol, carvacrol, thymol, rosmarinic, caffeic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic acid |
Basil | Apigenin, catechins, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, anthocyanins, eugenol, limonene, terpinene, carvacrol, geraniol, menthol, safrole, tannins, ursolic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic acids |
Bay leaf | 1,8-cineole, cinnamtannin |
Dill | Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, catechins, isorhamnetin, carvone, limonene |
Garlic | Allicin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, allyl isothiocyanate, S-allyl cysteine |
Horseradish | Phenyl methyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, sinigrin, asparagine |
Allspice | Eugenol, gallic acid, pimentol, quercetin |
Marjoram | Limonene, pinene, terpinene, p-cumene, apigenin, ferulic, sinapinic, caffeic, syringic, rosmarinic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic acids |
Mustard | Allyl isothiocyanate, carotene, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol glucoside |
Fennelflower | Pinene, p-cumene, thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, thymol, carvacrol, nigellicine, nigellidine, hederin |
Onion | Quercetin, apigenin, dipyridyl disulfide, rutin, quercetin-4-glucoside |
Parsley | Apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, caffeic acid |
Red pepper | Capsaicin, tocopherol, lutein, carotene, capsanthin, quercetin, ascorbic acid |
Peppermint | Menthol, menthone, limonene, isomenthone, eriocitrin, hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, rutin, carotenes, tocopherols, caffeic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic acid |
Rosemary | Carnosol, rosmanol, geraniol, pinene, limonene, apigenin, naringin, luteolin, rosmarinic, vanillic, ursolic, caffeic acids |
Sage | Geraniol, pinene, limonene, carnosol, saponin, catechins, apigenin, luteolin, rosmarinic, carnosine, vanillic, caffeic acids |
Nutmeg | Catechins, lignans, myricetin, orgentin, caffeic acid |
Myrtle | Anthocyanins, pinene, limonene, gallic and ellagic acids, myrtocommulone, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside |
Lavender | Limonene, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol glucoside, ferulic, rosmarinic, caffeic, p-coumaric acid |
Name | Flavonoid Content (mg per 100 g) | Total Flavonoid Content (mg per 100 g) |
---|---|---|
Parsley | Apigenin 4503.5, isorhamnetin 331.2, luteolin 19.7 | 4854.5 |
Mexican oregano | Luteolin 1028.7, naringenin 372.0, eriodictyol 85.3, quercetin 42.0, apigenin 17.7 | 1550.79 |
Celery seeds | Luteolin 762.4, apigenin 78.65 | 841.05 |
Capers | Kaempferol 259.19, quercetin 233.84 | 493.03 |
Saffron | Kaempferol 205.48 | 205.48 |
Dill | Quercetin 55.15, isorhamnetin 43.50, kaempferol 13.33, myricetin 0.70 | 112.68 |
Thyme | Luteolin 45.25, apigenin 2.50 | 47.75 |
Fennel | Quercetin 48.80, myricetin 19.80, isorhamnetin 9.30, kaempferol 6.50, luteolin 0.10 | 84.50 |
Coriander, leaves | Quercetin 52.90 | 52.90 |
Wormwood | Quercetin 10.0, kaempferol 11.0, isorhamnetin 5.0, luteolin 1.0 | 27.0 |
Rosemary | Naringenin 24.86, luteolin 2.0, apigenin 0.55 | 27.41 |
Ginger | Kaempferol 33.60 | 33.60 |
Mustard | Kaempferol 38.20, quercetin 8.80, isorhamnetin 16.20 | 62.90 |
Sage | Luteolin 16.70, apigenin 1.20 | 17.90 |
Red onion | Quercetin 20.30, isorhamnetin 4.58, delphinidin 4.28, cyanidin 3.19, peonidin 2.07, kaempferol 0.65, apigenin 0.24 | 35.31 |
Chile pepper | Quercetin 14.70 | 14.70 |
Yellow pepper | Quercetin 50.63, luteolin 6.93 | 57.56 |
Tasmanian pepper | Cyanidin 752.68 | 752.68 |
Garlic | Quercetin 1.74, myricetin 1.61, kaempferol 0.26 | 3.61 |
Spices | Active Substance | Formula |
---|---|---|
Ginger | Gingerol | |
Rosemary | Rosmarinic acid | |
Onion | Quercetin | |
Turmeric | Curcumin | |
Cloves | Eugenol | |
Fennelflower | Thymoquinone | |
Black pepper | Piperine | |
Garlic | Allicin, S-allyl cysteine | |
Red pepper | Capsaicin | |
Parsley | Apigenin | |
Oregano, celery (seeds) | Luteolin | |
Capers | Kaempferol | |
Tasmanian pepper | Cyanidin | |
Saffron | Crocetin, crocin |
Diseases | Spices | References |
---|---|---|
Cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack | Garlic, turmeric, ginger | [90,91,92] |
neurodegenerative diseases | Mint, onion | [93] |
Antidiabetic action | Cinnamon, bay leaf, wormwood, fenugreek, mustard, pomegranate | [94,95] |
Gastrointestinal diseases | Black pepper, bay leaf | [96,97] |
Hypertension | Cardamon, cinnamon | [98,99] |
Hepatic diseases | Caraway, cardamon | [43,100] |
Endocrine diseases | Ginger, turmeric | [87] |
Against DNA oxidation | Basil | [101] |
Obesity | Saffron, turmeric | [102] |
Bone diseases | Cloves | [103] |
Protection against oxidative damage to red blood cells | Fenugreek, garlic | [104] |
Immunomodulatory action | Turmeric | [105,106] |
Renal diseases | Garlic, fennelflower, ginger | [107,108] |
Antiulcer action | Ginger | [109] |
Pigment cell growth inhibition | Turmeric | [110] |
Reduction of cortisol level in saliva | Lavender, rosemary | [111] |
Against alcohol abuse | Thyme, ginger | [112] |
Against gum disease | Licorice | [113] |
Spices | Cancer Type | References |
---|---|---|
Turmeric | Rectal cancer, oral cancer, leukemia, carcinoma of the head and neck | [125,126] |
Saffron | Skin carcinoma, rectal cancer, hepatic carcinoma | [127,128,129] |
Garlic | Prostate cancer, colon cancer | [130,131] |
Onion | Gastric carcinoma | [132] |
Turmeric | Leukemia | [133] |
Mustard | Rectal carcinoma, bladder cancer | [134,135] |
Bay leaf | Inhibits melanoma cell growth | [136] |
Mustard (seeds) | Rectal carcinoma, bladder cancer | [137] |
Spices | Major Bioactive Compounds | Potential Beneficial Effects | Potential Mechanism for Anti-CVD Characteristics | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cinnamon | Procyanidin | Antioxidant | Increase coronary blood flow | [85,99] |
Cinnamaldehyde | Antimicrobial potential | Provoke pituitrin induced reduction of blood flow | [138,139,140] | |
Reduce peripheral vascular resistance | ||||
Increase cardiac contractile force | ||||
Ginger | Gingerol | Antioxidant | Reduction in platelet aggregation | [19,140,141] |
Shogaol | Anti-inflammatory | Reduce LDL cholesterol levels | ||
Zerumbone | Reduce LDL atherogenic modifications | |||
Reduction in the oxidative response of macrophages | ||||
Garlic | Allicin | Antioxidant | Inhibit enzymes involved in lipid synthesis | [140,141,142] |
Decrease platelet aggregation | ||||
Prevent lipid peroxidation of oxidized erythrocytes | ||||
Increase antioxidant status | ||||
Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme | ||||
Turmeric | Curcumin | Antioxidant | Reduce platelet aggregation | [140] |
Capsaicin | Anti-inflammatory | Decrease triglycerides | ||
Reduce thromboxane | ||||
Decrease serum cholesterol | ||||
Decrease cardiomyocytic apoptosis | ||||
Onion | Polyphenols | Antioxidant | Reduce platelet aggregation | [143] |
Flavonoids | Reduce cholestrol level | |||
Flavonols | Enhance blood fibrinolytic activity | |||
Red pepper | Curcumin | Antioxidant | Hypotriglyceridemic | [22] |
Capsaicin | Anti-inflammatory | Reduce cholestrol in blood and liver | ||
Fenugreek | Rhaponticin | Antioxidant | Lymphatic cleansing | [141,142,143,144] |
Isovitexin | Anticarcinogenic | Decrease blood pressure | ||
Hypoglycermic effect |
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Yashin, A.; Yashin, Y.; Xia, X.; Nemzer, B. Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review. Antioxidants 2017, 6, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030070
Yashin A, Yashin Y, Xia X, Nemzer B. Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review. Antioxidants. 2017; 6(3):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030070
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashin, Alexander, Yakov Yashin, Xiaoyan Xia, and Boris Nemzer. 2017. "Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review" Antioxidants 6, no. 3: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030070