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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 6
10.3390/antiox14060629
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Article

Dietary Probiotic Bacillus subtilis AAHM-BS2360 and Its Postbiotic Metabolites Enhance Growth, Immunity, and Resistance to Edwardsiellosis in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

by
Nugroho Wiratama
1,2,3,
Pakapon Meachasompop
1,2,
Benchawan Kumwan
1,2,
Yosapon Adisornprasert
1,2,
Prapansak Srisapoome
1,2,
Phornphan Phrompanya
4,
Patcharapong Thangsunan
5,6,
Pattanapong Thangsunan
6,7,
Kanokporn Saenphet
8,
Supap Saenphet
8,
Wararut Buncharoen
8,* and
Anurak Uchuwittayakul
1,2,*
1
Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
2
Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
3
PT. Central Proteinaprima, Tbk, Treasury Tower Lt. 8, District 8 SCBD Lot. 28, Senayan, Jakarta 12190, Indonesia
4
Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap District, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
5
Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
6
Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
7
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, and Research Laboratory on Advanced Materials for Sensor and Biosensor Innovation, Material Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
8
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(6), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060629
Submission received: 17 April 2025 / Revised: 21 May 2025 / Accepted: 22 May 2025 / Published: 23 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Aquaculture: A Synergistic Approach for Sustainable Aquatic Production)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Edwardsiellosis, caused by Edwardsiella tarda, poses a significant threat to the aquaculture industry, particularly in pangasius farming. This study investigates the effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis AAHM-BS2360 and its postbiotic metabolites on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidative activity, and disease resistance against E. tarda infection. A total of 240 healthy pangasius (37.0 ± 4.9 g) were divided into four treatment groups with four replicate tanks each, as follows: (1) the Control group, which received feed top-dressed with 100 mL of 0.85% NaCl/kg diet; (2) the Probiotic group, which received feed supplemented with 100 mL of B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360 cells at the concentration of 1 × 1012 CFU/kg diet; (3) the Postbiotic group, which received feed supplemented with B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360 cell-free supernatant 100 mL/kg diet; and (4) the Pro + Post group, which received a combination of B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360 cells and cell-free supernatant. After 30 days of feeding treatment, biochemical serum analysis revealed a significant increase in the AST/ALT ratio in the Postbiotic group. The Probiotic and Postbiotic treatments increased lysozyme activity in mucus, indicating an innate immune response to pathogens. The Pro + Post group exhibited the highest levels of catalase (CAT) in serum and upregulated antioxidant-related genes. All treatment groups receiving B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360, metabolites, and their combinations showed significant upregulation of immune-related genes, like lygl1, tgfb, b2ml, and tnf. The expression of proinflammatory genes (litaf, ifngr1l, c3, il13, and il1b) increased, with the most pronounced effects observed in the Pro + Post group. The Probiotic group showed significant upregulation of the growth-related gene igf1. Meanwhile, the Pro + Post group showed significantly higher values in SGR and ADG parameters, with values of 3.29 ± 0.98%/day and 1.42 ± 0.52 g/day respectively (p < 0.05). Survival rates were significantly higher in the Pro + Post (87.5%), Postbiotic (84.37%), and Probiotic (81.25%) groups when challenged with E. tarda. Dietary supplementation with B. subtilis AAHM-BS2360, its metabolites, and their combination enhanced immune response, reduced oxidative stress, and improved growth performance in pangasius, highlighting its potential as a functional feed additive for sustainable aquaculture.
Keywords: pangasius; Bacillus subtilis; Edwardsiella tarda; probiotic; postbiotic; immune response; proinflammatory activity; antioxidative activity; growth performance pangasius; Bacillus subtilis; Edwardsiella tarda; probiotic; postbiotic; immune response; proinflammatory activity; antioxidative activity; growth performance

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wiratama, N.; Meachasompop, P.; Kumwan, B.; Adisornprasert, Y.; Srisapoome, P.; Phrompanya, P.; Thangsunan, P.; Thangsunan, P.; Saenphet, K.; Saenphet, S.; et al. Dietary Probiotic Bacillus subtilis AAHM-BS2360 and Its Postbiotic Metabolites Enhance Growth, Immunity, and Resistance to Edwardsiellosis in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060629

AMA Style

Wiratama N, Meachasompop P, Kumwan B, Adisornprasert Y, Srisapoome P, Phrompanya P, Thangsunan P, Thangsunan P, Saenphet K, Saenphet S, et al. Dietary Probiotic Bacillus subtilis AAHM-BS2360 and Its Postbiotic Metabolites Enhance Growth, Immunity, and Resistance to Edwardsiellosis in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(6):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060629

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wiratama, Nugroho, Pakapon Meachasompop, Benchawan Kumwan, Yosapon Adisornprasert, Prapansak Srisapoome, Phornphan Phrompanya, Patcharapong Thangsunan, Pattanapong Thangsunan, Kanokporn Saenphet, Supap Saenphet, and et al. 2025. "Dietary Probiotic Bacillus subtilis AAHM-BS2360 and Its Postbiotic Metabolites Enhance Growth, Immunity, and Resistance to Edwardsiellosis in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus" Antioxidants 14, no. 6: 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060629

APA Style

Wiratama, N., Meachasompop, P., Kumwan, B., Adisornprasert, Y., Srisapoome, P., Phrompanya, P., Thangsunan, P., Thangsunan, P., Saenphet, K., Saenphet, S., Buncharoen, W., & Uchuwittayakul, A. (2025). Dietary Probiotic Bacillus subtilis AAHM-BS2360 and Its Postbiotic Metabolites Enhance Growth, Immunity, and Resistance to Edwardsiellosis in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Antioxidants, 14(6), 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060629

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