Apple Polyphenol Diet Extends Lifespan, Slows down Mitotic Rate and Reduces Morphometric Parameters in Drosophila Melanogaster: A Comparison between Three Different Apple Cultivars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Plant Materials
2.2. Apple Polyphenols Extraction
2.3. Total Anthocyanin Assay Method
2.4. HPLC Analysis
2.5. Fruit Fly Strains and Treatments
2.6. Developmental Assay
2.7. Lifespan Assay
2.8. Stress Assay
2.9. Size and Weight of Emerged Offspring
2.10. Mitotic Index
2.11. Climbing Assay
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Apple Polyphenol Extracts Characterization
3.2. Apple Polyphenols Do Not Impact Drosophila Development
3.3. Apple Polyphenols Extend Adult Fly Lifespan
3.4. Apple Polyphenols Ameliorate Fly Resistance to Caloric Restriction
3.5. Apple Polyphenol Effects on Offspring Size and Weight
3.6. Apple Polyphenols Affect Drosophila Mitotic Cell Cycle
3.7. Apple Polyphenol Impact on Drosophila Climbing Ability
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Fuji | Tuscia Red | Annurca |
---|---|---|---|
Total Polyphenol (mg GAE/100 g fw) | 101.7 ± 6.8 a | 316.8 ± 28.4 b | 183.6 ± 39.7 c |
Anthocyanin content (mg Cy3Glu/100 g fw) | N.D. | 4.234 ± 0.643 d | 0.256 ± 0.078 e |
Compounds (mg/Kg fw) | Apple Variety | |
---|---|---|
Annurca | Tuscia Red | |
Cholorogenic acid | 1439.2 ± 225.7 | 2427.5 ± 574.2 |
Coumaryl-quinic acid | 203.4 ± 69.6 | 491.2 ± 160.9 * |
Other hydroxyl-cinnamics | 39.4 ± 15.4 | 68.4 ± 28.8 |
Total hydroxyl-cinnamics | 1682.1± 310.7 | 2987.1 ± 763.9 |
Catechin | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 17.2 ± 7.3 * |
Epicatechin | 107.5 ± 24.6 | 317.8 ± 110.2 * |
Procyanidin B1 | 71.4 ± 21.4 | 194.7± 56.8 * |
Procyanidin B2 | 146.5 ± 30.7 | 498.8 ± 169.0 * |
Other procyanidins | 81.4 ± 2.2 | 465.8 ± 33.7 * |
Toal flavanols and procyanidins | 410.5 ± 80.2 | 1494.3 ± 377.0 * |
Cyanidin 3′-5′ diglucoside | 0.0 | 12.6 ± 6.4 ** |
Cyanidin 3′-galactoside | 0.0 | 64.1 ± 27.6 ** |
Other cyanidins | 0.0 | 6.6 ± 0.3 ** |
Total anthocyanin | 0.0 | 83.3 ± 34.2 ** |
Quercitin 3′ glucoside | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 11.5 ± 6.6 |
Quercitin 3′ ramnoside | 5.5 ± 4.0 | 11.6 ± 6.9 |
Total flavonols | 8.4 ± 6.4 | 23.1 ± 13. 0 |
3′ hydroxyl-phloretin-glucoside | 52.5 ± 10.2 | 42.2 ± 11.8 |
3′ phloretin-xyloglucoside | 119.5 ± 42.4 * | 23.5 ± 12.8 |
Phlorizin | 31.4 ± 16.9 | 62.1 ± 27.0 |
Total di-hydro chalcones | 203.4 ± 69.5 | 127.8 ± 41.7 |
Total polyphenols | 2326.2 ± 466.7 | 4617.9 ± 1166.3 * |
A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
BD | Fuji | Tuscia Red | Annurca | |
Larval length | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 2.9 |
p values * APs vs. BD | <<0.001 | <0.001 | <<0.001 | |
B | ||||
BD | Fuji | Tuscia Red | Annurca | |
Larval length | 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.6 |
p values * APs vs BD | <<0.001 | <<0.001 | <<0.001 |
A | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (g) * | ||||||||
BD | Fuji | Tuscia Red | Annurca | |||||
females | males | females | males | females | males | females | males | |
Average | 0.0085 | 0.0055 | 0.0070 s | 0.0048 ns | 0.0079 ns | 0.0055 ns | 0.0062 s | 0.0052 ns |
SD | 0.0010 | 0.0014 | 0.0014 | 0.0008 | 0.0018 | 0.0009 | 0.0009 | 0.0015 |
B | ||||||||
Weight (g) * | ||||||||
BD | Fuji | Tuscia Red | Annurca | |||||
females | males | females | males | females | males | females | males | |
Average | 0.0085 | 0.0055 | 0.0069 s | 0.0053 ns | 0.0071 s | 0.0052 ns | 0.0069 s | 0.0049 ns |
SD | 0.0010 | 0.0014 | 0.0014 | 0.0016 | 0.0005 | 0.0014 | 0.0010 | 0.0004 |
A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
APs 1.5 mg | Mitotic Divisions | Optical Fields | Mitotic Index | p APs vs. BD |
BD | 216 | 200 | 1.08 | |
Fuji | 51 | 220 | 0.23 | <<0.001 |
Annurca | 79 | 308 | 0.26 | <<0.001 |
Tuscia Red | 88 | 306 | 0.29 | <<0.001 |
B | ||||
APs 3 mg | Mitotic Divisions | Optical Fields | Mitotic Index | pAPs vs. BD |
BD | 216 | 200 | 1.08 | |
Fuji | 56 | 290 | 0.19 | <<0.001 |
Annurca | 31 | 200 | 0.15 | <<0.001 |
Tuscia Red | 37 | 200 | 0.18 | <<0.001 |
A | |||
---|---|---|---|
APs 1.5 mg | T10% | T20% | T30% |
BD | 85 | 90 | 100 |
Fuji | 80 | 95 | 100 |
Annurca | 40 (*) | 95 | 100 |
Tuscia Red | 90 | 90 | 100 |
B | |||
APs 3.0 mg | T10% | T20% | T30% |
BD | 85 | 90 | 100 |
Fuji | 35 (**) | 90 | 100 |
Annurca | 5 (***) | 50 (*) | 65 (*) |
Tuscia Red | 70 | 100 | 100 |
Annurca | Fuji | Tuscia Red | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 3.0 | |
Development timing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mean lifespan | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | + |
Resistance to starvation | – | + | + | + | + | + |
Larval size | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Weight (females) | – | – | – | – | 0 | – |
Mitotic index | – – | – – | – – | – – | – – | – – |
Climbing ability | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Bongiorni, S.; Arisi, I.; Ceccantoni, B.; Rossi, C.; Cresta, C.; Castellani, S.; Forgione, I.; Rinalducci, S.; Muleo, R.; Prantera, G. Apple Polyphenol Diet Extends Lifespan, Slows down Mitotic Rate and Reduces Morphometric Parameters in Drosophila Melanogaster: A Comparison between Three Different Apple Cultivars. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112086
Bongiorni S, Arisi I, Ceccantoni B, Rossi C, Cresta C, Castellani S, Forgione I, Rinalducci S, Muleo R, Prantera G. Apple Polyphenol Diet Extends Lifespan, Slows down Mitotic Rate and Reduces Morphometric Parameters in Drosophila Melanogaster: A Comparison between Three Different Apple Cultivars. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112086
Chicago/Turabian StyleBongiorni, Silvia, Ivan Arisi, Brunella Ceccantoni, Cristina Rossi, Camilla Cresta, Simona Castellani, Ivano Forgione, Sara Rinalducci, Rosario Muleo, and Giorgio Prantera. 2022. "Apple Polyphenol Diet Extends Lifespan, Slows down Mitotic Rate and Reduces Morphometric Parameters in Drosophila Melanogaster: A Comparison between Three Different Apple Cultivars" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112086