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Volume 13
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Review

An Overview of the Body Schema and Body Image: Theoretical Models, Methodological Settings and Pitfalls for Rehabilitation of Persons with Neurological Disorders

by
Davide Sattin
1,
Chiara Parma
1,*,
Christian Lunetta
2,
Aida Zulueta
3,
Jacopo Lanzone
4,
Luca Giani
4,
Marta Vassallo
1,5,
Mario Picozzi
5 and
Eugenio Agostino Parati
4
1
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Health Directorate, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138 Milan, Italy
2
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Neurorehabilitation Department-ALS Unit, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138 Milan, Italy
3
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Labion, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138 Milan, Italy
4
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Neurorehabilitation Department, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138 Milan, Italy
5
Center for Clinical Ethics, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(10), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101410
Submission received: 20 July 2023 / Revised: 27 September 2023 / Accepted: 28 September 2023 / Published: 4 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Disorders of Consciousness)
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Abstract

Given the widespread debate on the definition of the terms “Body Schema” and “Body Image”, this article presents a broad overview of the studies that have investigated the nature of these types of body representations, especially focusing on the innovative information about these two representations that could be useful for the rehabilitation of patients with different neurological disorders with motor deficits (especially those affecting the upper limbs). In particular, we analyzed (i) the different definitions and explicative models proposed, (ii) the empirical settings used to test them and (iii) the clinical and rehabilitative implications derived from the application of interventions on specific case reports. The growing number of neurological diseases with motor impairment in the general population has required the development of new rehabilitation techniques and a new phenomenological paradigm placing body schema as fundamental and intrinsic parts for action in space. In this narrative review, the focus was placed on evidence from the application of innovative rehabilitation techniques and case reports involving the upper limbs, as body parts particularly involved in finalistic voluntary actions in everyday life, discussing body representations and their functional role.
Keywords: body schema; body image; upper limbs; action; rehabilitation body schema; body image; upper limbs; action; rehabilitation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sattin, D.; Parma, C.; Lunetta, C.; Zulueta, A.; Lanzone, J.; Giani, L.; Vassallo, M.; Picozzi, M.; Parati, E.A. An Overview of the Body Schema and Body Image: Theoretical Models, Methodological Settings and Pitfalls for Rehabilitation of Persons with Neurological Disorders. Brain Sci. 2023, 13, 1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101410

AMA Style

Sattin D, Parma C, Lunetta C, Zulueta A, Lanzone J, Giani L, Vassallo M, Picozzi M, Parati EA. An Overview of the Body Schema and Body Image: Theoretical Models, Methodological Settings and Pitfalls for Rehabilitation of Persons with Neurological Disorders. Brain Sciences. 2023; 13(10):1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101410

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sattin, Davide, Chiara Parma, Christian Lunetta, Aida Zulueta, Jacopo Lanzone, Luca Giani, Marta Vassallo, Mario Picozzi, and Eugenio Agostino Parati. 2023. "An Overview of the Body Schema and Body Image: Theoretical Models, Methodological Settings and Pitfalls for Rehabilitation of Persons with Neurological Disorders" Brain Sciences 13, no. 10: 1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101410

APA Style

Sattin, D., Parma, C., Lunetta, C., Zulueta, A., Lanzone, J., Giani, L., Vassallo, M., Picozzi, M., & Parati, E. A. (2023). An Overview of the Body Schema and Body Image: Theoretical Models, Methodological Settings and Pitfalls for Rehabilitation of Persons with Neurological Disorders. Brain Sciences, 13(10), 1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101410

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