Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Characteristics and the Role of the Family
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Children and Adolescents Assessment
2.2.2. Parents’ Psychopathological Distress Clinical Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
- -
- Group 1 (ASD + AD) was composed of 21 participants diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder with Anxiety Disorders in comorbidity (18 males, three females; mean age: 11.9, 2.4 years);
- -
- Group 2 (AD) was composed of 31 participants diagnosed with only Anxiety Disorders (23 males, eight females; mean age: 11.9, 2.2 years);
- -
- Group 3 (ASD) was composed of 23 participants diagnosed with only Autism Spectrum Disorder (23 males, 0 females; mean age: 11.6, 2.3 years).
3.2. Comparisons between Three Groups (ASD + AD, AD, ASD)
3.2.1. Comparison between Group 1 and Group 2 in Anxiety Clinical Profile
3.2.2. Parental Psychological Distress
4. Discussion
4.1. Clinical Implication and Future Directions
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
AD | Anxiety Disorder |
ADDM | Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring |
ADHD | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
ADI-R | Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised |
ADOS-2 | Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition |
ASD | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
ATN | Health Anxiety Workgroup |
BASC-2 | Behavioral Assessment System for Children—Second Edition |
CBT | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
CDI-2 | Children’s Depression Inventory-2 |
C-GAS | Children’s Global Assessment Scale |
DSM-5 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition |
CAPA | Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment-Parent Version |
PS | Parenting Stress |
EBP | Emotional and Behavioral Problems |
EOS | Early Onset Schizophrenia |
GSI | Global Severity Index |
ID | Intellectual Disability |
IQ | Intellectual Quotient |
K-SADS-PL DSM-5 | Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children Present and Lifetime Version DSM-5 |
LG21 ISS | Superior Health Institute Guidelines |
MASC–2 | Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-Second Edition |
OCD | Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder |
ODD | Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
PPD | Parental Psychological Distress |
PRI | Perceptual Reasoning Index |
PSI | Processing Speed Index |
PSI-SF | Parenting Stress Index-Short Form |
SCL-90-R | Symptom Checklist 90-Revised |
SCQ | Social Communication Questionnaire |
SPSS IBM | Statistical Package for Social Science IBM |
TD | Typical Development |
VCI | Verbal Comprehension Index |
WISC-IV | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children |
WMI | Working Memory Index |
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Variable | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASD + AD | AD | ASD | ||
N = 21 | N = 31 | N = 23 | ||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Age (years) | 11.9 (2.4) | 11.9 (2.2) | 11.6 (2.3) | 0.6637 |
IQ level | 96.7 (15.0) | 104.6 (12.5) | 98.7 (17.4) | 0.1353 |
SCQ total | 12.9 (6.6) | 4.2 (2.8) | 12.1 (9.3) | 0.0000 * |
ADOS 2 total | 5.1 (1.5) | 5.5 (1.7) | 0.3822 | |
ADOS 2: social affect | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.9) | 0.8569 | |
ADOS 2: restricted/repetitive behaviors | 5.7 (2.1) | 5.8 (2.6) | 0.8254 | |
C-GAS | 41.7 (3.6) | 56.6 (4.0) | 48.7 (7.7) | 0.0000 * |
MASC 2-self total | 60.6 (13.7) | 58.1 (12.7) | 54.5 (9.6) | 0.247 |
MASC 2-parent total | 78.7 (17.6) | 66.2 (14.7) | 57.2 (14.6) | 0.0000 * |
CDI 2-self total | 72.9 (5.3) | 52.8 (7.9) | 45.2 (5.4) | 0.0000 * |
CDI 2-parent total | 67.8 (13.4) | 57.1 (11.1) | 54.7 (8.8) | 0.0000 * |
Gr 1 | Gr 2 | |
---|---|---|
N = 21 | N = 31 | |
K-Separation Anxiety Disorder | 8 (30%) | 3 (10%) |
K-Social Anxiety Disorder | 2 (9%) | 3 (10%) |
K-Specific Phobia | 8 (38%) | 3 (10%) |
K-Generalised Anxiety Disorder | 18 (86%) | 27 (87%) |
Gr 1 | ||
---|---|---|
≤11 Years (N = 11) | >11 Years (N = 10) | |
Separation Anxiety Disorder | 6 (54%) | 2 (20%) |
Social Anxiety Disorder | 1 (9%) | 1 (10%) |
Specific Phobias | 3 (27%) | 5 (50%) |
Generalised Anxiety Disorder | 9 (81%) | 9 (90%) |
Gr 2 | ||
≤11 Years (N = 16) | >11 Years (N = 15) | |
Separation Anxiety Disorder | 3 (18%) | 0 (0%) |
Social Anxiety Disorder | 0 (0%) | 3 (20%) |
Specific Phobias | 1 (6%) | 2 (13%) |
Generalised Anxiety Disorder | 13 (81%) | 14 (93%) |
Variable | MOTHERS | FATHERS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | p-Value | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | p-Value | |
ASD + AD | AD | ASD | ASD + AD | AD | ASD | |||
N = 21 | N = 31 | N = 23 | N = 21 | N = 31 | N = 23 | |||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
PSI-FS Total | 85.57 (24.19) | 62.58 (23.76) | 70.61 (26.27) | 0.002 * | 65.95 (24.47) | 63.06 (21.20) | 51.52 (26.30) | 0.101 |
SCL-90 GSI | 59.34 (13.23) | 46.93 (7.40) | 54.13 (16.06) | 0.002 * | 60.29 (17.64) | 47.55 (7.94) | 46.35 (9.12) | 0.001 * |
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Guerrera, S.; Pontillo, M.; Tata, M.C.; Di Vincenzo, C.; Bellantoni, D.; Napoli, E.; Valeri, G.; Vicari, S. Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Characteristics and the Role of the Family. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1597. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121597
Guerrera S, Pontillo M, Tata MC, Di Vincenzo C, Bellantoni D, Napoli E, Valeri G, Vicari S. Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Characteristics and the Role of the Family. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(12):1597. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121597
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerrera, Silvia, Maria Pontillo, Maria Cristina Tata, Cristina Di Vincenzo, Domenica Bellantoni, Eleonora Napoli, Giovanni Valeri, and Stefano Vicari. 2022. "Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Characteristics and the Role of the Family" Brain Sciences 12, no. 12: 1597. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121597