Inhibitors of Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Attenuate Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity through Regulating Oxidative Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents, Chemicals, and Antibodies
2.2. Cell Culture and TMT Treatment
2.3. Photomicrography of Cultured Cells
2.4. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity Measurement
2.5. MTT Assay
2.6. Western Blot Analysis
2.7. Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA)
2.8. Protein Assay
2.9. TEM Observations
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Dose-Toxicity of Trimethyltin (TMT)
3.2. Photomicrographs of Representative Cell Morphologies
3.3. Melatonin, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), α-tocopherol, and Allopurinol Protected against TMT-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells
3.4. Deferoxamine Reversed Altered Expression of Cleaved Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL Induced by TMT
3.5. NAC Improved TMT-Exposed SH-SY5Y Cells Observed via TEM
3.6. Esculetin, Meloxicam, Celecoxib, and Phenidone Attenuated TMT-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells
3.7. Esculetin and Meloxicam Inhibited the Elevation of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-kB Induced by TMT in SH-SY5Y Cells
3.8. Esculetin and Meloxicam Ameliorated Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) Activity Reduction in SH-SY5Y Cells
3.9. Dextrorphan and CNQX Attenuated TMT-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells
3.10. Calcium and Iron Chelators and A Voltage-gated L-type Calcium Channel (VGCC) Blocker Attenuated TMT Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells
3.11. Inhibitors of Pan-Caspase, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR Attenuated TMT-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Song, W.-J.; Yun, J.-H.; Jeong, M.-S.; Kim, K.-N.; Shin, T.; Kim, H.-C.; Wie, M.-B. Inhibitors of Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Attenuate Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity through Regulating Oxidative Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091116
Song W-J, Yun J-H, Jeong M-S, Kim K-N, Shin T, Kim H-C, Wie M-B. Inhibitors of Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Attenuate Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity through Regulating Oxidative Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(9):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091116
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Woo-Ju, Jang-Hyuk Yun, Myeong-Seon Jeong, Kil-Nam Kim, Taekyun Shin, Hyoung-Chun Kim, and Myung-Bok Wie. 2021. "Inhibitors of Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Attenuate Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity through Regulating Oxidative Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells" Brain Sciences 11, no. 9: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091116