Effects of Psychoactive Massage in Outpatients with Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Mixed-Methods Study
Depression and Anxiety: The Significance of Touch in Psychiatry—Clinical and Neuroscientific Approaches
)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Instruments for Assessing Mental and Somatic Symptoms
2.2.1. HAMD
2.2.2. BRMS
2.2.3. VAS
- VAS 1:
- Stress/tension“I’m very tense”/“I’m completely relaxed”
- VAS 2:
- Hopelessness“I feel hopeless”/“I’m full of hope”
- VAS 3:
- Internal unrest“I am very restless”/“I am full of inner peace”
- VAS 4:
- Pain sensations“I’m feeling pain”/“I’m not feeling any pain”
- VAS 5:
- Psychomotor retardation“I feel rigid and immobile”/“I feel light and lively”
- VAS 6:
- Tendency to brood“Negative thoughts are circulating in my head”/“I’m thinking positive and optimistic”
- VAS 7:
- Loss of drive“I feel limp and listless”/“I feel full of energy and drive”
- VAS 8:
- Unpleasant physical sensations“I’m not comfortable in my body”/“I’m comfortable in my body”
2.2.4. Assessment on Clinical Interview
2.3. Conducting the Study
2.3.1. Sample Size Calculation
2.3.2. Ethical Approval
2.3.3. Recruitment and Randomization
- Patients of both sexes between the ages of 18 and 65;
- The presence of a mild to moderate depressive episode diagnosed by a general practitioner or specialist, including the following ICD-10 diagnoses: F32.0, F32.1, F32.2, F32.8, F32.9, F33.0, F33.1, F33.2, F33.8, F33.9.
- Acute comorbid medical condition.
- Eczematous skin disease;
- Marked varicose veins or venous thrombosis;
- Pregnancy;
- Simultaneous participation in another clinical trial.
2.4. Description of Interventions (ARMT and PMR)
2.4.1. Massage Group (ARMT)
2.4.2. Control Group (PMR)
2.5. Accompanying Therapy
2.6. Statistical Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Description of Sample
3.1.1. Sociodemographic Data
3.1.2. Depression-Related Data
3.2. Effects of ARMT and PMR Assessed by HAMD and BRMS
- HAMD 1: Depressive mood (p = 0.004, r = 0.39)
- HAMD 13: Somatic symptoms (p = 0.021, r = 0.30)
- BRMS 8: Emotional retardation (p = 0.037, r = 0.28)
- BRMS 9: Sleep disorders (p = 0.038, r = 0.28)
3.3. Results of Participant’s Self-Assessment (VAS)
- VAS 1: Stress/tension (p = 0.035, r = 0.28)
- VAS 2: Hopelessness (p = 0.032, r = 0.28)
- VAS 3: Internal unrest (p = 0.009, r = 0.35)
- VAS 4: Pain sensations (p = 0.003, r = 0.39)
- VAS 5: Psychomotor retardation (p = 0.012, r = 0.33)
- VAS 8: Unpleasant physical sensations (p = 0.011, r = 0.34)
3.4. Statements of Study Participants in Clinical Interviews
- Better body awareness and deep relaxation;
- Interruption of brooding and negative thoughts;
- Increased motivation for everyday life activities.
- Useful in everyday life and as a sleeping aid;
- Easy relaxation and better body awareness.
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths of the Study
4.1.1. Control Group
4.1.2. Study Participants
4.1.3. Assessments
4.1.4. Conducting the Study
4.2. Limitation
4.3. Outlook
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ARMT | n = 30 | PMR | n = 27 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |
Age (years) | 45.2 | 9.43 | 44.9 | 12.29 |
Sex | n | % | n | % |
female (n) | 22 | 73.33 | 22 | 81.48 |
male (n) | 8 | 26.67 | 5 | 18.52 |
Civil status | ||||
single | 9 | 30.00 | 9 | 33.33 |
married/partnership | 16 | 53.33 | 15 | 55.55 |
divorced/widowed | 5 | 16.67 | 3 | 11.11 |
Children | ||||
childless | 11 | 36.67 | 15 | 55.55 |
one or two children | 13 | 43.33 | 6 | 22.22 |
three or more children | 6 | 20.00 | 6 | 22.22 |
Education | ||||
primary school | 7 | 23.33 | 1 | 3.7 |
secondary school | 13 | 43.33 | 25 | 92.6 |
high school | 10 | 33.33 | 1 | 3.7 |
Employment | ||||
vocational training | 23 | 76.67 | 22 | 81.48 |
academic career | 7 | 23.33 | 5 | 18.52 |
unemployed | 6 | 20.00 | 7 | 25.92 |
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Arnold, M.M.; Müller-Oerlinghausen, B.; Hemrich, N.; Bönsch, D. Effects of Psychoactive Massage in Outpatients with Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Mixed-Methods Study. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100676
Arnold MM, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hemrich N, Bönsch D. Effects of Psychoactive Massage in Outpatients with Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Mixed-Methods Study. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10(10):676. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100676
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnold, Michaela Maria, Bruno Müller-Oerlinghausen, Norbert Hemrich, and Dominikus Bönsch. 2020. "Effects of Psychoactive Massage in Outpatients with Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Mixed-Methods Study" Brain Sciences 10, no. 10: 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100676
APA StyleArnold, M. M., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Hemrich, N., & Bönsch, D. (2020). Effects of Psychoactive Massage in Outpatients with Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Mixed-Methods Study. Brain Sciences, 10(10), 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100676