Stochastic Traffic-Based Fatigue Life Assessment of Rib-to-Deck Welding Joints in Orthotropic Steel Decks with Thickened Edge U-Ribs
Abstract
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Comparative Fatigue Tests of Rib-to-Deck Joints
3. Engineering Background: The Prototype Bridge
4. Stochastic Traffic Model
4.1. Framework of the Stochastic Traffic Model
4.2. Data Source and Instantiation
5. Influence Surface-Based Stress Spectra Analysis
5.1. Multi-Scale Finite Element Model
5.2. Influence Surface-Based Solution
5.3. Monte Carlo-Based Spectra Derivation
5.4. Fatigue Life Assessment
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Stress Spectra
6.2. Fatigue Life Assessment
7. Conclusions
- The four vehicle models are compared in terms of the critical stress history, including the standard trucks in the three codes and the six-axle critical truck in the observation model. The result shows that the standard truck in AASHTO will lead to the most conservative outcome, followed by the critical truck in the observation model, and then the standard trucks in the JTG, and at last the Eurocode 1. It is worth noting that, when using the AASHTO model and observation model, a notable stress range can be induced by the front axle, which is not negligible in fatigue evaluation.
- According to the solved spectra, the vehicle-induced stress ranges are widely distributed, illustrating it is oversimplified to describe the fatigue action by the equivalent stress range calculated with the deterministic truck model. Meanwhile, through a comparison between the spectra, it is proven that the observation model can bring an in-depth insight into the randomness in traffic since the model takes into consideration not only the randomness in lateral position but also the difference within and between vehicle groups.
- The RD joints at various positions have been compared in terms of the stress spectra. Due to the lane preference, the proportion of heavy trucks is higher in the middle lane and the slow lane than in the fast lane. As a result, the proportion of high-level stress ranges is also higher in the spectra of the RD joints within the former two lanes. Meanwhile, comparisons are also made between the RD joints within the same lane. The result exhibits a remarkable difference in the stress spectra of the RD joints within the same lane, which is induced by the in-lane distribution of vehicles.
- Based on the test data and the derived spectra, the fatigue life of RD joints at various locations can be determined. Overall, significant differences exist between the RD joints at different locations due to the lane preference and in-lane distribution. Meanwhile, the location of fatigue-critical RD joints has been identified through the results, i.e., the joint in the middle lane or the slow lane, and close to the frequent loading position of wheels. Thus, special care should be paid to this type of RD joint in fatigue design.
- A comparison between the OSDs with and without TEUs has been performed in terms of the fatigue life of RD joints. Since the fatigue strength of RD joints could be effectively enhanced in OSDs with TEUs, the fatigue life of the joints could also be significantly prolonged. A consistent prolongation rate has been observed under the standard truck-based traffic models, which is 141% in both the nominal stress approach and the hot spot stress approach. Under the observation traffic model, the prolongation rate is between 141% and 143% in the nominal stress approach, and 146%–161% in the hot spot stress approach.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Information | Description | |
---|---|---|
Layout of spans | 45 m + 68 m + 45 m | |
Layout of vehicle lanes | Fast lane + middle lane + slow lane | |
Number of segments | 112 | |
Number of RD joints in a segment | 15 U-ribs welded with two RD joints each | |
Welding type of RD joints | 80% partial penetration | |
Plate thickness of the OSD | Deck plates | 16 mm |
U-ribs | 8 mm | |
Floor beams | 12 mm |
Type | Parameters | Description |
---|---|---|
Vehicle properties | Axle number | The number of axles in a vehicle |
Axle spacing | The distance between the centre of axles | |
Axle weight | The weight of each axle in a vehicle | |
Axle track | The distance between wheels in the same axle | |
Footprint | The contact area of wheels on the deck | |
Lateral distribution | Occupancy rate | The distribution of the vehicle in different lanes |
In-lane position | The lateral position of the vehicle within a lane |
Group | Description | Lane Occupancy (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fast | Middle | Slow | ||
1 | Two-axle cars | 41.23 | 25.74 | 9.70 |
2 | Three-axle trucks (I) | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.36 |
3 | Three-axle trucks (II) | 0.10 | 0.87 | 0.60 |
4 | Four-axle trucks | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.92 |
5 | Five-axle trucks | 0.06 | 1.17 | 1.31 |
6 | Six-axle trucks | 0.57 | 7.94 | 8.43 |
Joint | Type | Allowance of Lifetime Traffic Volume (×106) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominal Stress Approach | Hot Spot Stress Approach | ||||||||
JTG | EC 1 | AASHTO | OBS 1 | JTG | EC 1 | AASHTO | OBS | ||
U2L | CU | ∞ | 1,348,147 | ∞ | 1,268,173 | ∞ | 65,411 | ∞ | 106,523 |
TEU | ∞ | 3,248,470 | ∞ | 3,055,767 | ∞ | 157,358 | ∞ | 262,168 | |
Prolong 2 | - | 141% | - | 141% | - | 141% | - | 146% | |
U7L | CU | 11,421 | 60,150 | 17,006 | 35,351 | 1227 | 6396 | 2002 | 3483 |
TEU | 27,521 | 144,937 | 40,977 | 85,754 | 2952 | 15,387 | 4816 | 9016 | |
Prolong | 141% | 143% | 141% | 159% | |||||
U12L | CU | 1108 | 2281 | 1400 | 29762 | 133 | 323 | 189 | 3079 |
TEU | 2671 | 5496 | 3373 | 71928 | 320 | 777 | 454 | 7893 | |
Prolong | 141% | 142% | 141% | 156% | |||||
U13L | CU | 214,623 | 1,416,594 | 573,530 | 323,268 | 23,990 | 266,751 | 82,400 | 32,600 |
TEU | 517,152 | 3,413,399 | 1,381,968 | 778,942 | 57,712 | 641,712 | 198,227 | 85,035 | |
Prolong | 141% | 141% | 141% | 161% |
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Heng, J.; Zheng, K.; Kaewunruen, S.; Baniotopoulos, C. Stochastic Traffic-Based Fatigue Life Assessment of Rib-to-Deck Welding Joints in Orthotropic Steel Decks with Thickened Edge U-Ribs. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9132582
Heng J, Zheng K, Kaewunruen S, Baniotopoulos C. Stochastic Traffic-Based Fatigue Life Assessment of Rib-to-Deck Welding Joints in Orthotropic Steel Decks with Thickened Edge U-Ribs. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(13):2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9132582
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeng, Junlin, Kaifeng Zheng, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, and Charalampos Baniotopoulos. 2019. "Stochastic Traffic-Based Fatigue Life Assessment of Rib-to-Deck Welding Joints in Orthotropic Steel Decks with Thickened Edge U-Ribs" Applied Sciences 9, no. 13: 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9132582