Phase Change Material Selection for Thermal Processes Working under Partial Load Operating Conditions in the Temperature Range between 120 and 200 °C
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials Description
3. Methodology
3.1. Health Hazard
3.2. Thermal Stability
3.3. Cycling Stability
- Measurement 1: 0 cycle;
- Measurement 2: 10th cycle;
- Measurement 3: 100th cycle.
4. Results
4.1. Health Hazard
4.2. Thermal Stability
4.3. Cycling Stability
4.3.1. Thermophysical Characterization (Phase Change Temperature and Enthalpy)
4.3.2. Chemical Characterization
5. General Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thermal Process | Range of Temperatures |
---|---|
Absorption refrigeration | From 80 to 230 °C |
Adsorption refrigeration | From −60 to 350 °C |
Transportation exhaust heat recovery | From 55 to 800 °C |
Solar cooling | From 60 to 250 °C |
Industrial waste heat recovery | From 30 to 1600 °C |
No. | Material | Material Type | Thermophysical Properties | Manufacturer Information | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase Change Temperature (°C) | Phase Change Enthalpy (kJ/kg) | Manufacturer | Purity (%) | ||||||
Value | Ref. | Value | Ref. | ||||||
1 | Benzoic acid | Aromatic hydrocarbon | 121–123 | [13] | 114–147 | [13] | PanReac AppliChem, Barcelona, Spain | >99.5 | |
2 | Benzamide | Aromatic hydrocarbon | 124–127 | [13] | 169 | [13] | Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA | >98 | |
3 | High density polyethylene (HDPE) | Polymeric hydrocarbon | 130 | [13] | 211–233 | [13] | Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA | n.a. | |
4 | Sebacic acid | Dicarboxylic acid | 130–134 | [13] | 228 | [13] | Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA | >98 | |
5 | Phtalic anhydride | Dicarboxylic acid anhydride | 131 | [13] | 159 | [13] | Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA | 99 | |
6 | Maleic acid | Dicarboxylic acid | 131–140 | [13] | 235 | [13] | PanReac AppliChem, Barcelona, Spain | >99 | |
7 | Urea | Organic compound | 133–135 | [13] | 170–258 | [13] | PanReac AppliChem, Barcelona, Spain | >99 | |
8 | Dimethyl terephthalate | Aromatic hydrocarbon | 142 | [13] | 170 | [13] | Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA | 99 | |
9 | D-mannitol | Sugar alcohol | 150 | [11] | 224–234 | [11] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | 98 | |
10 | Adipic acid | Dicarboxylic acid | 150–152 | [9] | 213–260 | [9] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | >99.5 | |
11 | Salycilic acid | phenolic acid | 157–159 | [2] | 199 | [2] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | >99 | |
12 | Potassium thiocynate | Inorganic salt | 157–177 | [12] | 112–114 | [12] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | >99 | |
13 | Hydroquinnone | Aromatic hydrocarbon | 160–173 | [12] | 179–235 | [12] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | >99 | |
14 | Benzanilide | Amide | 161 | [12] | 129–139 | [12] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | 98 | |
15 | Dulcitol | Sugar alcohol | 167–185 | [9,13] | 246–257 | [9,13] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | 99 | |
16 | 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (DMPA) | Carboxylic acid | 185 | [7] | 289 | [7] | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | 98 |
Material | NFPA 704 | GHS Statement |
---|---|---|
HDPE | 0 | This material is not hazardous |
Sebacic acid | 1 | Causes skin irritation |
Causes serious eye irritation | ||
May cause respiratory irritation | ||
Dimethyl terephthalate | 1 | May cause an allergic skin reaction |
D-mannitol | 1 | Hazardous in case of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant) or inhalation |
Adipic acid | 1 | Causes serious eye irritation |
Benzanilide | 1 | Harmful if swallowed |
May cause respiratory irritation | ||
Causes skin irritation | ||
Causes serious eye irritation | ||
Dulcitol | 1 | Hazardous in case of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation * |
Benzoic acid | 2 | Harmful if swallowed |
May cause respiratory irritation | ||
Causes skin irritation | ||
Causes serious eye irritation | ||
Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure | ||
Causes serious eye damage | ||
Benzamide | 2 | Harmful if swallowed |
Suspected of causing genetic defects | ||
Urea | 2 | May cause respiratory irritation |
Causes skin irritation | ||
Suspected of causing cancer | ||
May cause damage to organs | ||
Causes serious eye irritation | ||
Salycilic acid | 2 | Toxic if swallowed |
Causes serious eye irritation | ||
Hydroquinnone | 2 | Harmful if swallowed |
Harmful in contact with skin | ||
Suspected of causing genetic defects | ||
Suspected of causing cancer | ||
Causes serious eye damage | ||
May cause an allergic skin reaction | ||
Phtalic anhydride | 3 | Harmful if swallowed |
May cause respiratory irritation | ||
Causes skin irritation | ||
May cause an allergic skin reaction | ||
Causes serious eye damage | ||
May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled | ||
Maleic acid | 3 | Harmful if swallowed |
Harmful in contact with skin | ||
May cause respiratory irritation | ||
Causes skin irritation | ||
Causes serious eye irritation | ||
May cause an allergic skin reaction | ||
Potassium thiocynate | 3 | Harmful if swallowed |
Harmful in contact with skin | ||
Harmful if inhaled | ||
Causes serious eye irritation | ||
DMPA | ** | Causes serious eye irritation |
May cause respiratory irritation |
Material | Maximum Thermal-Stable Temperature (°C) | Final Degradation Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|
Potassium thiocynate | 540 | >600 |
HDPE | 309 | 540 |
Dulcitol | 293 | 481 |
D-mannitol | 259 | 424 |
Adipic acid | 203 | 379 |
Benzanilide | 196 | 315 |
DMPA | 190 | 431 |
Hydroquinone | 157 | 240 |
Urea | 148 | 500 |
Maleic acid | 141 | 212 |
Benzamide | 138 | 225 |
Salycilic acid | 133 | 203 |
Phtalic anhydride | 129 | 210 |
Dimethyl terephthalate | 128 | 265 |
Benzoic acid | 121 | 195 |
Sebacic acid | 118 | 201 |
Material | Health Hazard | Cycling Stability (after 100 Cycles) | Thermal Stability | Suitable Material for Partial Load Applications | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase Change Enthalpy Loss (%) | Chemical Degradation a | Maximum Thermal-Stable Temperature | |||
Benzoic acid | 2 | 100 | ++ | 121 | No |
Benzamide | 2 | 14 | ++ | 138 | No |
High density polyethylene (HDPE) | 0 | 12 | + | 309 | Yes |
Sebacic acid | 1 | 63 | ++ | 118 | No |
Phtalic anhydride | 3 | 6 | + | 129 | No |
Maleic acid | 3 | ** | ++ | 141 | No |
Urea | 2 | ** | ++ | 148 | No |
Dimethyl terephthalate | 1 | 2 | + | 128 | No |
D-mannitol | 1 | 61 | ++ | 259 | No |
Adipic acid | 1 | 7 | - | 203 | Yes |
Salycilic acid | 2 | ** | ++ | 133 | No |
Potassium thiocynate | 3 | 13 | + | 540 | No |
Hydroquinnone | 2 | 62 | ++ | 157 | No |
Benzanilide | 1 | 2 *** | - | 196 | No |
Dulcitol | 1 | 100 | ++ | 293 | No |
2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (DMPA) | * | ** | ++ | 190 | No |
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Gasia, J.; Martin, M.; Solé, A.; Barreneche, C.; Cabeza, L.F. Phase Change Material Selection for Thermal Processes Working under Partial Load Operating Conditions in the Temperature Range between 120 and 200 °C. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070722
Gasia J, Martin M, Solé A, Barreneche C, Cabeza LF. Phase Change Material Selection for Thermal Processes Working under Partial Load Operating Conditions in the Temperature Range between 120 and 200 °C. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(7):722. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070722
Chicago/Turabian StyleGasia, Jaume, Marc Martin, Aran Solé, Camila Barreneche, and Luisa F. Cabeza. 2017. "Phase Change Material Selection for Thermal Processes Working under Partial Load Operating Conditions in the Temperature Range between 120 and 200 °C" Applied Sciences 7, no. 7: 722. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070722