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Applied Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 2
10.3390/app16020713
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Role of Kinematic and Electromyographic Analysis of the Elbow in Arm Wrestlers

by
Nicola Marotta
1,2,
Ennio Lopresti
3,
Francesco Zangari
3,
Lorenzo Scozzafava
3,
Federica Pisani
3,
Ilona Yosypchuk
3,
Michele Mercurio
2,4,
Andrea Demeco
2,3,
Alessandro de Sire
2,3,* and
Antonio Ammendolia
2,3
1
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
2
Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
3
Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
4
Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, “Renato Dulbecco” University Hospital, “Magna Græcia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020713
Submission received: 4 December 2025 / Revised: 31 December 2025 / Accepted: 5 January 2026 / Published: 9 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomechanics and Sports Medicine)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background. Arm wrestling is a complex strength sport requiring detailed biomechanical analysis. This study investigated elbow functionality in medial epicondylitis using kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) approach. Methods. Hook technique specialists underwent a 10-session rehabilitation program (manual therapy and high-power laser). Outcomes were assessed via the NRS and QuickDASH. Functional analysis utilized surface EMG (Biceps Brachii, Pronator Teres, Brachioradialis, Extensor muscle) and an inertial sensor measuring Mean Jerk (MJ) for movement fluidity. Results. Data analysis for the eleven male athletes (mean age: 22.4 years) revealed substantial improvements following the intervention. NRS decreased from 5.1 to 1.5, and QuickDASH dropped from 25.2 ± 5.3 to 5.5 ± 1.0, while mean jerk remained stable (3.37 to 3.22). Pronator Teres activation markedly increased in the concentric phase (30.14 µV to 127.3 µV), indicating better coordination. Biceps Brachii (BB): Assumed a more pronounced concentric role, likely a compensatory adaptation after pain reduction; and lastly, Common Finger Extensor increased activation suggested increased extensor loading during the push phase. Conclusions. The combined kinematic and EMG data were crucial for identifying underlying musculoskeletal dysfunctions. The findings support an integrated approach for elbow health in arm wrestlers, providing objective data for targeted rehabilitation and prevention programs focusing on both pain and neuromuscular coordination.
Keywords: arm wrestling; electromyography; arm injury; medial epicondilitis; sport injury arm wrestling; electromyography; arm injury; medial epicondilitis; sport injury

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MDPI and ACS Style

Marotta, N.; Lopresti, E.; Zangari, F.; Scozzafava, L.; Pisani, F.; Yosypchuk, I.; Mercurio, M.; Demeco, A.; de Sire, A.; Ammendolia, A. The Role of Kinematic and Electromyographic Analysis of the Elbow in Arm Wrestlers. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020713

AMA Style

Marotta N, Lopresti E, Zangari F, Scozzafava L, Pisani F, Yosypchuk I, Mercurio M, Demeco A, de Sire A, Ammendolia A. The Role of Kinematic and Electromyographic Analysis of the Elbow in Arm Wrestlers. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(2):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020713

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marotta, Nicola, Ennio Lopresti, Francesco Zangari, Lorenzo Scozzafava, Federica Pisani, Ilona Yosypchuk, Michele Mercurio, Andrea Demeco, Alessandro de Sire, and Antonio Ammendolia. 2026. "The Role of Kinematic and Electromyographic Analysis of the Elbow in Arm Wrestlers" Applied Sciences 16, no. 2: 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020713

APA Style

Marotta, N., Lopresti, E., Zangari, F., Scozzafava, L., Pisani, F., Yosypchuk, I., Mercurio, M., Demeco, A., de Sire, A., & Ammendolia, A. (2026). The Role of Kinematic and Electromyographic Analysis of the Elbow in Arm Wrestlers. Applied Sciences, 16(2), 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020713

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