Understanding Electric Scooter Fall Accidents Through Human–Vehicle–Environment Interactions: A Systematic Literature Review Using the Haddon Matrix

This study aimed to investigate how human, vehicle, and environment (HVE)-related factors and their interactions contribute to fall accidents related to electric scooters (e-scooters). Falls are the most common type of e-scooter accidents, and developing a thorough understanding of the factors that contribute to these accidents is critical for effective accident prevention. Unlike collisions, falls frequently result from the complex interaction among the rider, the vehicle, and the environment. To this end, this study conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and uses the Haddon Matrix framework to identify and classify factors related to e-scooter fall accidents from HVE perspectives, spanning the pre-fall and fall phases. The findings suggest that e-scooter fall accidents are multifactorial, resulting from the interaction of HVE-related factors across accident phases rather than from a single cause. Human-related factors, vehicle attributes, and environmental conditions were all found to contribute to fall risk, with notable interactions identified across all three dimensions. This study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying e-scooter fall accidents by systematically identifying these factors and examining their interactions, highlighting the need for further investigation into HVE interactions across diverse accident contexts.