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Volume 16
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10.3390/app16010344
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Article

IL-1-Beta and TNF-Alpha in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Orthodontic Aligners and Application of Vibrations with Sonic Toothbrush: A Pilot Study

by
Luca Levrini
1,
Silvia Franchi
2,
Carlotta De Zorzi
1,
Luca Parpagliolo
1,
Andrea Carganico
1,
Nicola Giannotta
1,
Paola Sacerdote
2,
Giulio Facchetti
3 and
Stefano Saran
1,*
1
Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate of Orthodontics, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
2
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
3
Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory—DiSUIT, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010344
Submission received: 27 November 2025 / Revised: 24 December 2025 / Accepted: 25 December 2025 / Published: 29 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)
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Abstract

Introduction: Non-invasive methods to modulate orthodontic tooth movement have gained interest, particularly those targeting inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β and TNF-α, which regulate osteoclast and osteoblast activity. High-frequency vibrations (HFV), including those delivered by sonic toothbrushes, have been proposed to influence these biological responses. The aim of the study is to assess whether sonic vibrations affect IL-1β and TNF levels in patients undergoing clear aligner therapy. Materials and Methods: Twenty Invisalign® patients were evaluated. For each patient, one tooth received HFV via a 285 Hz sonic toothbrush (experimental), while the contralateral served as a control. Gingival crevicular fluid was sampled at baseline (T0), after one week without HFV (T1), and after one week with HFV (T2). Cytokines were measured by ELISA. Because data were non-normally distributed, non-parametric tests were applied. Results: No significant differences across T0–T2 were found within the HFV group. At T2, IL-1β levels were significantly lower in the HFV group (mean: 23.04; SD: ± 20.18) than in controls (mean: 44.44; SD: ± 47.14), which showed an IL-1β increase with orthodontic force alone. TNF-α levels remained near the ELISA detection limit. Conclusions: Sonic vibrations combined with clear aligners appear to reduce IL-1β secretion and local inflammation without adverse effects. Sonic toothbrushes provide a simple HFV delivery method, though larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Keywords: orthodontics; sonic; tooth; inflammatory markers orthodontics; sonic; tooth; inflammatory markers

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MDPI and ACS Style

Levrini, L.; Franchi, S.; De Zorzi, C.; Parpagliolo, L.; Carganico, A.; Giannotta, N.; Sacerdote, P.; Facchetti, G.; Saran, S. IL-1-Beta and TNF-Alpha in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Orthodontic Aligners and Application of Vibrations with Sonic Toothbrush: A Pilot Study. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010344

AMA Style

Levrini L, Franchi S, De Zorzi C, Parpagliolo L, Carganico A, Giannotta N, Sacerdote P, Facchetti G, Saran S. IL-1-Beta and TNF-Alpha in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Orthodontic Aligners and Application of Vibrations with Sonic Toothbrush: A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(1):344. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010344

Chicago/Turabian Style

Levrini, Luca, Silvia Franchi, Carlotta De Zorzi, Luca Parpagliolo, Andrea Carganico, Nicola Giannotta, Paola Sacerdote, Giulio Facchetti, and Stefano Saran. 2026. "IL-1-Beta and TNF-Alpha in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Orthodontic Aligners and Application of Vibrations with Sonic Toothbrush: A Pilot Study" Applied Sciences 16, no. 1: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010344

APA Style

Levrini, L., Franchi, S., De Zorzi, C., Parpagliolo, L., Carganico, A., Giannotta, N., Sacerdote, P., Facchetti, G., & Saran, S. (2026). IL-1-Beta and TNF-Alpha in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Orthodontic Aligners and Application of Vibrations with Sonic Toothbrush: A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences, 16(1), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010344

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