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Review

An Overview of Shared Mobility Operational Models in Europe

by
Luka Vidan
*,
Marko Slavulj
,
Ivan Grgurević
and
Matija Sikirić
University of Zagreb Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Vukelićeva 4, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 4045; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074045
Submission received: 28 February 2025 / Revised: 26 March 2025 / Accepted: 31 March 2025 / Published: 7 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Mobility)

Abstract

Climate change is an urgent issue, and the current mindset of private ownership, particularly of private vehicles, needs to shift. Shared mobility is rapidly emerging as a key part of the solution to contemporary transportation challenges, driven by technological advancements and the growing demand for more sustainable travel options. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of shared mobility operational models in Europe, focusing on carsharing and its current research on fleet optimization, bikesharing, and scooter sharing. The study draws on three scientific literature databases, with searches centered on keywords relevant to Shared Mobility. This study contributes to the literature by defining each Shared Mobility modality and examining the different operational models.
Keywords: shared mobility; operational models; carsharing; bikesharing; e-scooter sharing shared mobility; operational models; carsharing; bikesharing; e-scooter sharing

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Vidan, L.; Slavulj, M.; Grgurević, I.; Sikirić, M. An Overview of Shared Mobility Operational Models in Europe. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074045

AMA Style

Vidan L, Slavulj M, Grgurević I, Sikirić M. An Overview of Shared Mobility Operational Models in Europe. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(7):4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074045

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vidan, Luka, Marko Slavulj, Ivan Grgurević, and Matija Sikirić. 2025. "An Overview of Shared Mobility Operational Models in Europe" Applied Sciences 15, no. 7: 4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074045

APA Style

Vidan, L., Slavulj, M., Grgurević, I., & Sikirić, M. (2025). An Overview of Shared Mobility Operational Models in Europe. Applied Sciences, 15(7), 4045. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074045

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