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Article

Target Tracking with Adaptive Morphological Correlation and Neural Predictive Modeling

by
Victor H. Diaz-Ramirez
1,* and
Leopoldo N. Gaxiola-Sanchez
2
1
Instituto Politécnico Nacional—CITEDI, Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 1310, Tijuana 22435, BC, Mexico
2
Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Culiacán, Juan de Dios Bátiz 310, Culiacán 80220, SIN, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11406; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111406 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 September 2025 / Revised: 17 October 2025 / Accepted: 22 October 2025 / Published: 24 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Image Processing)

Abstract

A tracking method based on adaptive morphological correlation and neural predictive models is presented. The morphological correlation filters are optimized according to the aggregated binary dissimilarity-to-matching ratio criterion and are adapted online to appearance variations of the target across frames. Morphological correlation filtering enables reliable detection and accurate localization of the target in the scene. Furthermore, trained neural models predict the target’s expected location in subsequent frames and estimate its bounding box from the correlation response. Effective stages for drift correction and tracker reinitialization are also proposed. Performance evaluation results for the proposed tracking method on four image datasets are presented and discussed using objective measures of detection rate (DR), location accuracy in terms of normalized location error (NLE), and region-of-support estimation in terms of intersection over union (IoU). The results indicate a maximum average performance of 90.1% in DR, 0.754 in IoU, and 0.004 in NLE on a single dataset, and 83.9%, 0.694, and 0.015, respectively, across all four datasets. In addition, the results obtained with the proposed tracking method are compared with those of five widely used correlation filter-based trackers. The results show that the suggested morphological-correlation filtering, combined with trained neural models, generalizes well across diverse tracking conditions.
Keywords: target tracking; morphological correlation; predictive learning; tracking by detection target tracking; morphological correlation; predictive learning; tracking by detection

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Diaz-Ramirez, V.H.; Gaxiola-Sanchez, L.N. Target Tracking with Adaptive Morphological Correlation and Neural Predictive Modeling. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111406

AMA Style

Diaz-Ramirez VH, Gaxiola-Sanchez LN. Target Tracking with Adaptive Morphological Correlation and Neural Predictive Modeling. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(21):11406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111406

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diaz-Ramirez, Victor H., and Leopoldo N. Gaxiola-Sanchez. 2025. "Target Tracking with Adaptive Morphological Correlation and Neural Predictive Modeling" Applied Sciences 15, no. 21: 11406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111406

APA Style

Diaz-Ramirez, V. H., & Gaxiola-Sanchez, L. N. (2025). Target Tracking with Adaptive Morphological Correlation and Neural Predictive Modeling. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 11406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111406

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