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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 18
10.3390/app151810010
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Article

Study on the Evaluation System of Rock Mass Quality of Slopes Under the Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles

by
Zhenling Gao
1,
Penghai Zhang
2,
Ning Gao
2,*,
Wanni Yan
2,
Honglei Liu
2 and
Jun Hou
2,3
1
Shanjin Design Consulting Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
2
School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
3
Changchun Gold Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10010; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810010 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 14 July 2025 / Revised: 8 September 2025 / Accepted: 9 September 2025 / Published: 12 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rock Mechanics and Mining Engineering)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study takes the Wushan open-pit mine, a typical open-pit mine in cold regions, as the engineering background. Based on the measured extreme temperature values of slope rock masses over one year, a freeze–thaw cycle testing scheme is designed. By conducting experiments under varying numbers of freeze–thaw cycles and burial depths, the degradation patterns of uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of the rock are revealed. The rock material constant mi, representing the rock’s hardness and brittleness, is calculated based on the experimental results. Furthermore, shear tests are carried out on rock masses containing through-going structural planes and infill materials to derive the variation patterns of cohesion and internal friction angle. A comprehensive analysis is conducted on the effects of freeze–thaw cycling and burial depth on rock mechanical properties and infill material parameters, leading to the construction of a spatial variability characterization model for mechanical parameters. Finally, the rock mass fracture coefficient Kw and infill fracture coefficient Kf are proposed to modify the Hoek–Brown failure criterion under freeze–thaw conditions, thereby providing theoretical support for slope stability analysis and engineering design in cold regions.
Keywords: freeze–thaw cycles; Hoek–Brown strength criterion; rock degradation patterns; slope stability analysis freeze–thaw cycles; Hoek–Brown strength criterion; rock degradation patterns; slope stability analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gao, Z.; Zhang, P.; Gao, N.; Yan, W.; Liu, H.; Hou, J. Study on the Evaluation System of Rock Mass Quality of Slopes Under the Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 10010. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810010

AMA Style

Gao Z, Zhang P, Gao N, Yan W, Liu H, Hou J. Study on the Evaluation System of Rock Mass Quality of Slopes Under the Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(18):10010. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810010

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gao, Zhenling, Penghai Zhang, Ning Gao, Wanni Yan, Honglei Liu, and Jun Hou. 2025. "Study on the Evaluation System of Rock Mass Quality of Slopes Under the Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles" Applied Sciences 15, no. 18: 10010. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810010

APA Style

Gao, Z., Zhang, P., Gao, N., Yan, W., Liu, H., & Hou, J. (2025). Study on the Evaluation System of Rock Mass Quality of Slopes Under the Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Applied Sciences, 15(18), 10010. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810010

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