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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 14
10.3390/app15148026
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Association Between Pain Distribution and Limitations in Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe on the Influence of Biopsychosocial Variables and Lifestyle

by
Diana Salas-Gómez
1,
Ángel Denche-Zamorano
2,*,
Cristina Mendoza-Holgado
1,* and
Sabina Barrios-Fernandez
1
1
Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH), Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
2
Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8026; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148026
Submission received: 23 June 2025 / Revised: 9 July 2025 / Accepted: 17 July 2025 / Published: 18 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Sports Medicine and Health Care: Second Edition)
Versions Notes

Featured Application

Widespread pain in older adults is associated with increased limitations in both Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living compared to localized pain in its absence. Targeted interventions addressing physical activity and biopsychosocial risk factors could reduce limitations in the Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.

Abstract

Pain is a common condition among older adults and a key factor influencing daily functioning. This cross-sectional study examined how pain presence and distribution (no pain, localized pain [LP], and widespread pain [WP]) are related to limitations in Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (BADLs and IADLs). Data were drawn from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 9, including 68,839 participants aged 50 or older. A clear gradient of functional limitation was observed: Individuals with WP reported the highest number of limitations, followed by those with LP, while those with no pain showed minimal impairment. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, cognitive status, physical health, and psychosocial factors, with adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for WP of 1.77 for BADLs and 1.22 for IADLs (p < 0.001). Notably, depression, perceived loneliness, long-term illness, physical inactivity, and mobility limitations were especially relevant among participants with WP. The findings suggest the clinical value of assessing and implementing interventions not only in the presence but also in the extent of pain to better identify individuals at greater risk of losing independence in daily life.
Keywords: elderly; health-related behaviors; independence; pain; physical activity elderly; health-related behaviors; independence; pain; physical activity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Salas-Gómez, D.; Denche-Zamorano, Á.; Mendoza-Holgado, C.; Barrios-Fernandez, S. Association Between Pain Distribution and Limitations in Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe on the Influence of Biopsychosocial Variables and Lifestyle. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 8026. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148026

AMA Style

Salas-Gómez D, Denche-Zamorano Á, Mendoza-Holgado C, Barrios-Fernandez S. Association Between Pain Distribution and Limitations in Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe on the Influence of Biopsychosocial Variables and Lifestyle. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(14):8026. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148026

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salas-Gómez, Diana, Ángel Denche-Zamorano, Cristina Mendoza-Holgado, and Sabina Barrios-Fernandez. 2025. "Association Between Pain Distribution and Limitations in Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe on the Influence of Biopsychosocial Variables and Lifestyle" Applied Sciences 15, no. 14: 8026. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148026

APA Style

Salas-Gómez, D., Denche-Zamorano, Á., Mendoza-Holgado, C., & Barrios-Fernandez, S. (2025). Association Between Pain Distribution and Limitations in Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe on the Influence of Biopsychosocial Variables and Lifestyle. Applied Sciences, 15(14), 8026. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148026

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