Mechanical Performance Enhancement of Self-Decoupling Magnetorheological Damper Enabled by Double-Graded High-Performance Magnetorheological Fluid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation Process and Characterization
- (1)
- CIPs (initial particle size: 3.5 µm), surfactants such as PEG-400 and oleic acid, and an absolute ethyl alcohol dispersion medium were measured in proportion and placed in a beaker, followed by mixing with an electric stirrer for 15 min.
- (2)
- The amalgamation was transferred into a milling pot. Steel balls of varying sizes, although with identical diameters and numerical ratios, were subsequently introduced into the mill pots.
- (3)
- The mill pots were firmly positioned in the SHQM double planetary ball mill, which operated at a constant rotational speed. Subsequently, ball milling was conducted for durations of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h for the different CIP samples with various particle sizes.
- (4)
- The ball mill pots containing the mixture post ball milling were placed in a vacuum oven at 85 °C for drying at a vacuum pressure of −0.1 MPa for a duration of 480 min to eliminate the absolute ethyl alcohol, resulting in the acquisition of the treated CIPs after drying and cooling.
- (1)
- The measured quantities of gelatin and agaropectin were combined with purified water at 70 °C in a flask for 15 min to create a sol solution.
- (2)
- Methyl silicone oil was weighed and added to the sol solution, which was thoroughly mixed before being transferred to a vacuum oven for decompression at −0.1 MPa for 45 min.
- (3)
- The modified CIPs and glycerol were weighed and incorporated into the mixture following vacuum decompression and then mixed for 15 min.
- (4)
- The mixture was placed in the mill pots to achieve uniform dispersion for 60 min in the double planetary ball mill, resulting in the acquisition of HP-MRF samples.
2.3. Properties of Self-Decoupling MR Dampers
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rheological Properties of the HP-MRFs
3.2. Dynamical Mechanical Properties of the Self-Decoupling MR Damper
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In the case of HP-MRFs featuring single-graded CIPs, it is observed that the shear stress across all samples rises in conjunction with an increase in magnetic flux density. Additionally, the shear yield strength exhibits a decline from 81.8 kPa to 45 kPa as the particle size is progressively reduced. In the case of HP-MRFs featuring double-graded CIPs, the shear yield strength of HP-MRF-10 can reach 99.6 kPa. This suggests that an optimal combination of particle sizes effectively contributes to enhancing the shear yield strength of the HP-MRF.
- (2)
- The self-decoupling MR damper can achieve a maximum damping force of 281.5 kN at a small displacement of 5 mm, with an applied frequency of 2.5 Hz and an input current of 2.0 A. Additionally, the highest factor of adjustability of the damping force for the self-decoupling MR damper reaches 3.34 when the current ranges from −2.0 A to 2.0 A, with an applied frequency of 0.1 Hz. Furthermore, the self-decoupling MR damper exhibits a maximum damping force of 300 kN under a large displacement of 60 mm, which aligns with the measurement limit of the testing apparatus. The values of the calculated dynamic parameters, such as equivalent stiffness Kh and yield force Qd, can be enhanced by both the input current and the applied frequency.
- (3)
- Compared to the prior investigation of a self-decoupling MR damper utilizing a common MRF, the damping force may be increased by a maximum of 93.9 kN, and the adjustable range can also be enlarged. Furthermore, the computed dynamic parameters, including Kh and the equivalent damping ratio heq, are improved, indicating the energy consumption capacity of the self-decoupling MR damper is enhanced with the HP-MRF.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | CIP Gradation | Sample | CIP Gradation |
---|---|---|---|
HP-MRF-1 | 100% not milled | HP-MRF-7 | 100% milled for 60 h |
HP-MRF-2 | 100% milled for 6 h | HP-MRF-8 | 100% milled for 72 h |
HP-MRF-3 | 100% milled for 12 h | HP-MRF-9 | 90% not milled + 10% milled for 12 h |
HP-MRF-4 | 100% milled for 24 h | HP-MRF-10 | 90% not milled + 10% milled for 24 h |
HP-MRF-5 | 100% milled for 36 h | HP-MRF-11 | 90% not milled + 10% milled for 60 h |
HP-MRF-6 | 100% milled for 48 h | HP-MRF-12 | 92% not milled + 8% milled for 24 h |
Displacement (mm) | Frequency (Hz) | Current (A) | Kh (kN/mm) | Kd (kN/mm) | Qd (kN) | heq (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.0 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 51.85 | 2.34 | 247.55 | 45.39 |
5.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 44.26 | 2.77 | 207.45 | 44.44 |
5.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 35.80 | 1.39 | 172.05 | 43.31 |
5.0 | 0.1 | −1.0 | 27.21 | 2.0 | 126.05 | 41.49 |
5.0 | 0.1 | −2.0 | 18.31 | 1.91 | 82.00 | 42.41 |
5.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 54.78 | 2.89 | 259.45 | 43.91 |
5.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 50.14 | 3.38 | 233.80 | 43.22 |
5.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 42.42 | 2.05 | 201.85 | 43.44 |
5.0 | 1.0 | −1.0 | 33.33 | 2.41 | 154.60 | 41.75 |
5.0 | 1.0 | −2.0 | 23.63 | 1.56 | 110.35 | 41.43 |
5.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 56.19 | 5.13 | 255.30 | 42.16 |
5.0 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 52.84 | 5.87 | 234.85 | 41.09 |
5.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 48.24 | 5.81 | 212.15 | 40.03 |
5.0 | 2.5 | −1.0 | 38.93 | 5.28 | 168.25 | 38.22 |
5.0 | 2.5 | −2.0 | 27.56 | 3.55 | 120.05 | 37.62 |
60.0 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 300.00 | 57.29 |
60.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 4.99 | 0.05 | 296.40 | 57.12 |
60.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 4.95 | 0.08 | 292.10 | 56.12 |
60.0 | 0.1 | −1.0 | 4.85 | 0.02 | 290.30 | 55.78 |
60.0 | 0.1 | −2.0 | 4.42 | 0.03 | 263.45 | 55.03 |
Reference | MRF Type | Particle Grading of CIP | Maximum Damping Force (kN) |
---|---|---|---|
Proposed work | HP-MRF | Double | 300 |
Ref. [12] | Conventional MRF | Single | 97.9 |
Ref. [13] | Conventional MRF | Single | 100 |
Ref. [14] | Conventional MRF | Single | 200 |
Ref. [15] | MRF with silica | Single | 250.2 |
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Guo, F.; Cui, H.; Huang, X.; Du, C.; Mo, Z.; Lin, X. Mechanical Performance Enhancement of Self-Decoupling Magnetorheological Damper Enabled by Double-Graded High-Performance Magnetorheological Fluid. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116305
Guo F, Cui H, Huang X, Du C, Mo Z, Lin X. Mechanical Performance Enhancement of Self-Decoupling Magnetorheological Damper Enabled by Double-Graded High-Performance Magnetorheological Fluid. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(11):6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116305
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Fei, Hanbo Cui, Xiaojun Huang, Chengbin Du, Zongyun Mo, and Xiaoguo Lin. 2025. "Mechanical Performance Enhancement of Self-Decoupling Magnetorheological Damper Enabled by Double-Graded High-Performance Magnetorheological Fluid" Applied Sciences 15, no. 11: 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116305
APA StyleGuo, F., Cui, H., Huang, X., Du, C., Mo, Z., & Lin, X. (2025). Mechanical Performance Enhancement of Self-Decoupling Magnetorheological Damper Enabled by Double-Graded High-Performance Magnetorheological Fluid. Applied Sciences, 15(11), 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116305